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\fIn a study to determine if hormone therapy increases risk of venous thrombosis in menopausal women, each person in a sample of 579 women who had been diagnosed with venous thrombosis was classified according to hormone use. Each woman in a sample of 2243 women who had not been diagnosed with venous thrombosis was also classified according to hormone use. Data from the study are given in the accompanying table (Journal of the American Medical Association [2004): 1581-1587). The women in each of the two samples were selected at random from patients at a large HMO in the state of Washington. a. Is there convincing evidence that the proportions falling into each of the hormone use categories is not the same for women who have been diagnosed with venous thrombosis and those who have not? b. To what populations would it be reasonable to generalize the conclusions of Part (a)? Explain. Current Hormone Lise Conjugated Equine None Estrogen Estrogen Venous Thrombosk 372 121 No Venous Thrombosh 1439 515A survey was conducted in the San Francisco Bay area in which each participating individual was classified according to the type of vehicle used most often and city of residence. A subset of the resulting data are given in the accompanying table (The Relationship of Vehicle Type Choice to Personality, Lifestyle, Attitudinal and Demographic Variables, Technical Report UCD-ITS- RR02-08, DaimlerCrysler Corp., 2002). City Yehkk North San Type Conourd Hills Small 231 Compact 142 Large Do the data provide convincing evidence of an association between city of residence and vehicle type? Use a significance level of .05. You may assume that it is reasonable to regard the sample as a random sample of Bay area residents.A story describing a date rape was read by 352 high school students. To investigate the effect of the victim's clothing on subject's judgment of the situation described, the story was accompanied by either a photograph of the victim dressed provocatively, a photo of the victim dressed conservatively, or no picture. Each student was asked whether the situation described in the story was one of rape. Data from the article "The Influence of Victim's Attire on Adolescent Judgments of Date Rape" (Adolescence [1995]: 310-323) are given in the accompanying table. Is there evidence that the proportion who believe that the story described a rape differs for the three different photo groups? Test the relevant hypotheses using o= .01. Response Cornervalle No PLATE Rape 92 Not RapeUsing data from a national survey, the authors of the paper "What Do Happy People Do?" (Social Indicators Research [2008]: 565-571) concluded that there was convincing evidence of an association between amount of time spent watching television and whether or not a person reported that they were happy. They observed that unhappy people tended to watch more television. The authors write: This could lead us to two possible interpretations: 1. Television viewing is a pleasurable enough activity with no lasting benefit, and it pushes aside time spent in other activities-ones that might be less immediately pleasurable, but that would provide long-term benefits in one's condition. In other words, television does cause people to be less happy- 2. Television is a refuge for people who are already unhappy. TV is not judgmental nor difficult, so people with few social skills or resources for other activities can engage in it. Furthermore. chronic unhappiness can be socially and personally debilitating and can interfere with work and most social and personal activities, but even the unhappiest people can click a remote and be passively entertained by a TV. In other words, the causal order is reversed for people who watch television; unhappiness leads to television viewing. Using only data from this study. do you think it is possible to determine which of these two conclusions is correct? If so, which conclusion do you think is correct and why? If not, explain why it is not possible to decide which conclusion is correct based on the study data.\fThe color vision of birds plays a role in their foraging behavior: Birds use color to select and avoid certain types of food. The authors of the article "Colour Avoidance in Northern Bobwhites: Effects of Age, Sex, and Previous Experience" (Animal Behaviour (1905]: 519-526) studied the pecking behavior of 1-day-old bobwhites. In an area painted white, they inserted four pins with different colored heads. The color of the pin chosen on the bird's first peck was noted for each of 33 bobwhites, resulting in the accompanying table. Color First Peck Frequency 16 Yellow Red Do the data provide evidence of a color preference? Test using 0= .01.In November 2005, an international study to assess public opinion on the treatment of suspected terrorists was conducted ("Most in U.S., Britain, S. Korea and France Say Torture Is OK in at Least Rare Instances," Associated Press. December 7. 2005). Each individual in random samples of 1000 adults from each of nine different countries was asked the following question: "Do you feel the use of torture against suspected terrorists to obtain information about terrorism activities is justified?" Responses consistent with percentages given in the article for the samples from Italy, Spain, France, the United States, and South Korea are summarized in the table at the top of the next page. Based on these data, is it reasonable to conclude that the response proportions are not the same for all five countries? Use a .01 significance level to test the appropriate hypotheses. Response Some Country Never Barely dmes Often Sure Italy 140 140 30 Spain 5-10 140 70 90 France 400 250 200 120 United 230 270 110 South 40 KoreaAccording to Census Bureau data, in 1998 the California population consisted of 50.7% whites. 8.6% blacks, 30.6% Hispanics, 10.8% Asians, and 1.3%% other ethnic groups. Suppose that a random sample of 1000 students graduating from California colleges and universities in 1998 resulted in the accompanying data on ethnic group. These data are consistent with summary Statistics contained in the article titled "Crumbling Public School System a Threat to California's Future (Investor's Business Daily. November 12. 1999). Fthink Group Number in Sample White 679 51 Hispanic Adan 190 Other 3 Do the data provide evidence that the proportion of students graduating from colleges and universities in California for these ethnic group categories differs from the respective proportions in the population for California? Test the appropriate hypotheses using 0= .01.Criminologists have long debated whether there is a relationship between weather and violent crime. The author of the article "Is There a Season for Homicide?" (Criminology [1989]: 287-298) classified 1361 homicides according to season, resulting in the accompanying data. Do these data support the theory that the homicide rate is not the same over the four seasons? Test the relevant hypotheses using a significance level of .05. Winter Spring Summer Fall 354 372 327Jail inmates can be classified into one of the following four categories according to the type of crime committed: violent crime, crime against property, drug offenses, and public-order offenses. Suppose that random samples of 500 male inmates and 500 female inmates are selected, and each inmate is classified according to type of offense. The data in the accompanying table are based on summary values given in the article "Profile of Jail Inmates" (USA Today. April 25. 1901). We would like to know whether male and female inmates differ with respect to type of offense. Gunder Type of Crime lemak Vink-ne 117 Property 150 Drug 107 Public Order 124 a. Is this a test of homogeneity or a test of independence? b. Test the relevant hypotheses using a significance level of .05.The article "You Will Be Tested on This" (The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 8, 2007) describes an experiment to investigate the effect of quizzes on student leaming. The goal of the experiment was to determine if students who take daily quizzes have better endof-semester retention than students who attend the same lectures and complete the same homework assignments but who do not take the daily quizzes. Describe how you would design such an experiment using the 400 students enrolled in an introductory psychology course as subjects.The paper "Pistachio Nut Consumption and Serum Lipid Levels" (Journal of the American College of Nutrition [2007]: 141-148) describes a study to determine if eating pistachio nuts can have an effect on blood cholesterol levels in people with high cholesterol. Fifteen subjects followed their regular diet for 4 weeks and then followed a diet in which 15% of the daily caloric intake was from pistachio nuts for 4 weeks. Total blood cholesterol was measured for each subject at the end of each of the 2 four-week periods, resulting in two samples (one for the regular diet and one for the pistachio diet). a. Are the two samples independent or paired? Explain. b. The mean difference in total cholesterol (regular diet-pistachio diet) was 11 mp/dL. The standard deviation of the differences was 24 mg/dL. Assume that it is reasonable to regard the 15 study participants as representative of adults with high cholesterol and that total cholesterol differences are approximately normally distributed. Do the data support the claim that eating the pistachio diet for 4 weeks is effective in reducing total cholesterol level? Test the relevant hypotheses using a 5 .01.The flow rate in a device used for air quality measurement depends on the pressure drop x (inches of water) across the device's filter. Suppose that for x values between 5 and 20, these two variables are related according to the simple linear regression model with population regression line y = -0.12 + 0.095x. a. What is the mean flow rate for a pressure drop of 10 inches? A drop of 15 inches? b. What is the average change in flow rate associated with a 1 inch increase in pressure drop? Explain.The article "Fines Show Airline Problems" (USA Today, February 2, 2010) gave the accompanying data on the number of fines for violating FAA maintenance regulations assessed against each of the 25 U.S airlines from 2004 to 2009. 12 23 36 6 14 10 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 C a. Construct a boxplot of these data. Are any of the observations in the data set outliers? If so. which ones? b. Explain why it may not be reasonable to assume that the two airlines with the highest number of fines assessed are the worst airlines in terms of maintenance violations
