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Problem 3. The Ministry of Education in Ghana wishes to evaluate two different programs for supporting primary school students who are falling behind in math and language. Itwishes to determine whether either program, or both, can improve average learning outcomes for an entire school. The rst program [the \"Afterschool Program\") requires students who are falling behind to remain after school three days a week to take remedial classes. The second program {the \"Tracking Program")I has no afterschool component, but instead sorts students by ability level within the classes during the regular school day. Students who are falling behind are assigned to separate classes from those not falling behind. The outcome of interest is the average test score of all students at a given school. Below are three evaluation designs that have been proposed. For each, briey identifj,r one or more concerns the design raises. {a} Every government school in the country selects the program that administrators believe will work best for their school. Compare student test scores of schools that selected the Afterschool Program and of those that selected the Tracking Program to test scores of schools who selected neither. {b} Evaluators select a random sample of Bi} government schools from around Ghana. The administrator of each school indicates her preferences for one or more of the programs, and the evaluators assign 3!} schools to the Afterschool Program, 30 to the Tracking Program, and 30 to neither based on these preferences. Compare average test scores of each group of 30 schools. {c} Half of the schools in the country are randomly selected to implement the Afterschool Program and the other half to implement the Tracking Program. lCompare average tests of schools in each of these groups