Please help! *reference the link or snapshots, they're the same thing*

1. TheAnti Terrorist Actallows the government to issue security certificates. This allows the government to detain suspected terrorists indefinitely without charges being laid. Defence lawyers are not even allowed access to the information used to justify the detention. Question: How does the use of security certificates relate to the term "fundamental justice"? Explain.
2. Why are Canada's new anti-terrorism laws necessary? Reason.
3. Why aren't Canada's new anti-terrorism laws necessary? Reason.

Thanks :)

file:///C:/Users/LAURA/Downloads/All%20About%20Law%20-%20pages%2030%20to%2031%20(1).pdf

Agents of Change The Events of September 11, 2001 On September 11. 2001, international terrorists Meanwhile, at 9:43 A.M., American Airlines Flight unleashed a series of attacks against the United States. 77 crashed into the Pentagon building near Television images of the destruction were broadcast Washington, DC. Twenty minutes later, the fourth live to a global audience. Although these attacks were aircraft plunged into an empty field near Pittsburgh, confined to American soil. people around the world Pennsylvania, as passengers battled with their expressed disbelief and outrage. hijackers to retake control. The total death toll from The chain of events began early in the morning. these attacks was 19 terrorists and more than 2600 when teams of terrorists hijacked four American pas- innocent people. senger jets shortly after takeoff from Boston and New On September 11, Canada responded quickly to York. At 8:45 A.M., the hijackers of American Airlines the crisis, allowing 242 aircraft bound for the United Flight 11 deliberately crashed the plane into the States to be diverted to Canadian airports. Within north tower of the World Trade Center (WTC) in weeks after the tragedy, Canada mounted its own New York City. At 9:03 A.M., a second hijacked air- defence against escalating global terrorism: a com- liner smashed into the WTC's south tower. Although prehensive and far-reaching anti-terrorism plan. the 110-storey towers withstood the impact initially, The stated objectives of Canada's anti-terrorism they began to melt from the extreme heat of the plan are to protect Canadians from terrorist acts; stop burning jet fuel. At 10:05 A.M., the south tower col- terrorists from entering Canada; arrest and prosecute lapsed, followed by the north tower at 10:28 A.M. terrorists; work with American authorities to secure mill Figure 1-19 The World Trade Center's twin towers melted and collapsed following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.the Canada-U.S. border; and cooperate with the inter- offence to appear before a judge to provide that national community to bring terrorists to justice, In information brief. the anti-terrorism plan is Canada's answer to changes to courtroom proceedings to protect the question: What must a country do to maintain classified information its security in light of the events of September 11? In November 2001, the federal government pro- To accomplish these objectives, the federal gov- posed the Public Safety Act, the other cornerstone of ernment has taken a number of actions, including: its anti-terrorism legislation. The Public Safety Act will Border Security: increasing the number of immi- bring changes to numerous federal statutes, including gration control officers overseas to detect fraudulent the Aeronautics Act, the Immigration Ad, and the documents and identify criminals, terrorists, and National Defence Act. It will also make law the Biological others ineligible for entry before they reach Canada; and Toxin Weapons Conventions Implementation Act. introducing a fraud-resistant "resident card" for new Provisions of the Public Safety Act include the following: residents; increasing security staff at ports of entry; . authority for Cabinet ministers to issue "interim streamlining deportation orders against those who orders" to deal with immediate threats and violate Canada's immigration laws; purchasing new emergencies equipment and other technologies to uncover and tighter security over aviation, explosives, deter terrorist activities; and joining the United States pipelines, and transmission lines controls over the export and transfer of tech- as a full partner in integrated border enforcement teams. nologies sensitive to national security measures to prevent money laundering by ter- International Law Enforcement: collaborating with rorists and the proliferation (spread) of bio- international law enforcement agencies to identify and logical weapons dismantle terrorist organizations and networks; powers to arrest and detain foreign nationals freezing the assets of organizations in Canada that fund within Canada who cannot properly identify or facilitate international terrorism; and preventing themselves these groups from raising money. declaration of hoaxes causing public danger Military Action: sending a Canadian naval task group or anxiety as criminal offences to the Arabian Sea in late 2001; and sending ground authority for the federal government to estab forces to Afghanistan in early 2002. Both initiatives lish "military protection zones" Some commentators have referred to the events supported U.S. operations against pro-terrorist forces in Afghanistan. of September 11 as the defining moment of the 21st century. Only history will tell if this is true. What is New Laws: introducing sweeping new legislation- certain is that September 11 was a potent agent of such as the Anti-Terrorism Act and the Public Safety change in Canada, resulting in increased government Act-to fight terrorism. powers, changes in Canadian law and attitudes toward The Anti-Terrorism Act received royal assent on national security, and closer ties to the United States. December 18, 2001. This legislation created ways to deter (prevent), disable, identify, prosecute, convict, For Discussion and punish terrorist groups and their members oper- ating in Canada. Highlights of the new law include: 1. What new measures have been taken by border officials to Increase security? * a legal definition of terrorism terrorist offences defined and added to the 2. What new powers do law enforcement offi- Criminal Code clals have under the Anti-Terrorism Act? new investigative tools for law enforcement Could these powers violate rights of law- agencies, including more power to use elec- abiding citizens? Explain. tronic surveillance 3. Under the Anti-Terrorism Act, Is compelling new powers for police to make preventive arrests Individuals to provide Information a violation of suspected terrorists, without charge. Police may of Individual rights? Explain. also compel (pressure) individuals with infor- 4. Speculate on future developments to mation about a terrorist group or a terrorist Canada's anti-terrorism plan. Chapter 1 Law: Its Purpose and History