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Questions What methods did we employ in this experiment? On each trial you saw either a two-syllable word (e.g., "racket") or a set of letters that was not a word but was designed to be pronounceable as if it were a two-syllable word (e.g., "regond"). You were to determine, as quickly as possible, whether or not the presented item was a valid word. Based on previous research, we already know the typical age people reported that they learned each word. This age is known as the age of acquisition (AOA) for a word. For a variety of reasons, the AOA scores are scaled to be a number between 100 (youngest age) and 700 (oldest age). Thus, a word like "onion" with an AOA score of 286 was (for most people) learned at a younger age than a word like "onslaught," which has an AOA score of 600. What do we predict participants will do? Why? The experiment measures reaction time on the lexical decision task. Past research has shown that people's reaction times tend to be faster for words with smaller AOA scores. That is, people are faster to recognize a word as being a word if they learned it earlier in childhood. Most students will show a positive correlation between reaction time and AOA, but it may vary in size, and some students may show a small negative correlation. How robust is this effect? Are there limits to this effect? The relationship between AOA and reaction time is pretty strong, but for this experiment it will be strongest for native English speakers. Speakers of other languages would find a similar relationship for their native tongue. Formulas To measure the relationship between AOA and reaction time, you will calculate a Pearson r correlation from your data. This is a measure of the strength of the relationship between AOA and reaction time. Most people should find a positive correlation (but a negative correlation is possible). There are several different formulas to calculate a correlation. Although it is not the most intuitive, we are going to use a formula that tends to minimize mistakes because it avoids rounding errors: n E: XY - EX, EY In this formula n is the number of words, X, is the AOA value, and Y, is the reaction time value. The sums go across all the words (the data for the nonwords are not needed for the correlation calculation). The questions below will guide you through the calculation. Because some of the calculations are complicated, you might want to use a spreadsheet, especially because you can sort the trials by Condition and thereby remove the non-word trials. Answer the questions using the data below. You will often find it helpful to sort the data and calculate values using a spreadsheet such as Microsoft Excel@, Sheets from Google apps, Open Office, or Numbers (Mac only). To import the data into a spreadsheet select and copy all the cells in the trial-by-trial data table below and then paste them into an open page of the spreadsheet. Use the trial-by-trial data to answer these questions. Question Answer Status Number of word trials (n) (Your answer must exactly equal the correct value.) Check answer Hint |Not yet answered correctly Sum of AOA values: (Your answer must exactly equal the correct value.) Check answer Hint Not yet answered correctly Sum of squared AOA values Your answer must exactly equal the correct value.) Check answer Hint Not yet answered correctly Sum of reaction times: (Your answer must exactly equal the correct value.) Check answer| Hint Not yet answered correctly Sum of squared reaction times: (Your answer must exactly equal the correct value.) Check answer it Not yet answered correctly Sum of AOA and reaction time cross-products: Your answer must exactly equal the correct value.) Check answer Hint Not yet answered correctly Numerator of correlation formula: (Your answer must exactly equal the correct value.) Check answer|Hint Not yet answered correctly Denominator of correlation formula: The difference between your answer and the correct value must be less than 0.01. Check answer |Hint Not yet answered correctly Correlation (r): (The difference between your answer and the correct value must be less than 0.01.) Check answer| Hint|Not yet answered correctly