PLEASE HELP WITH PART 2 (EXCEL IS PREFERRED FOR THE TABLES & GRAPHS)

ALL NECESSARY INFORMATION IS GIVEN IN THE DATA ABOVE . THANK YOU

BIO 2490 EEB v.GilleySP20 Cricket Behavior Lab Week 2: Observing Behavior Quantitatively For behavior to be subjected to scientific hypothesis testing, it needs to be quantified. Quantifying behavior is uniquely challenging compared to many areas of biology because it often consists of complex motor patterns unfolding over short periods of time. Behavior is also ephemeral, individually variable, and as mentioned above highly dependent upon context. Despite these challenges, there are some standard approaches to quantification of behavior which we will practice here. Part 1: Sampling Methods There are at least two approaches to recording behavior quantitatively. Focal sampling is when the observer follows an individual animal for a period of time and records the frequencies or durations of all their actions and interactions. Behavior can also be quantified by scan sampling, where the behavior of each individual animal is checked periodically (e.g. every 10 minutes) over a period of time (e.g. 1 hour). Each approach has its benefits and limitations. Scan sampling allows for observation of a larger number of individuals over a longer period of time, but focal sampling produces a more complete record of an individual's behavior and allows analysis of sequences of actions. Some method of individual identification is helpful for both approaches but can be especially important for scan sampling of active animals and focal sampling of individuals within a larger group of identical conspecifics. We will practice both methods. Exercise A: scan sampling Each student will record the behavior of four crickets (two female, two male) over a period of ten minutes, scanning every 60 seconds. This should be done on all four individuals together using the same time points, so that the end result can be considered one scan sample of many individuals. Use the data table below to record your observations by entering in the boxes below the actions or interaction each crickets is performing at each time point. Time Cricket 1: (female) Cricket 2: (male) Cricket 3: (female) Cricket 4: (male) example eating stationary in shelter stationary open ground walking 0:00 stationary open ground walking stationary in shelter stationary open ground (on top of object) 1:00 walking walking eating stationary open ground 2:00 stationary in shelter stationary in shelter stationary open ground walking 3:00 eating walking stationary in shelter stationary open ground (on top of object) 4:00 walking eating eating stationary open ground 5:00 stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (chirping) stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (on top of object) 6:00 stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (chirping) 7:00 stationary in shelter stationary open ground (chirping) stationary in shelter stationary open ground (chirping) 8:00 stationary in shelter walking stationary open eating ground BIO 2490 EEB V.GilleySP20 9:00 stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (on top of object) 10:00 stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary in shelter stationary in shelter Exercise B: focal sampling of duration events An additional consideration for focal sampling is how to quantify the amount of each action observed. Most actions and interactions can be considered either as a frequency or duration event. Frequency events occur in distinct bursts so that the behavior is best measured as the number of instances of the behavior during some observation period. Frequency event behaviors are often summed over the observation period and then divided by the time of observation to create a rate, such as "chirps per minute". Duration events have distinct beginnings and ends with the behavior continuing for a measurable period of time in between. For duration event behaviors, the durations of all instances of the behavior are often converted to seconds and summed for the observation period to create a total duration, such as "seconds spent eating potato". (Note that while many actions fall clearly into frequency or duration categories, some actions could be measured with either data type. The goal is to find the approach that most accurately captures the amount of the behavior during the limited period of observation.) You will follow each of your crickets individually for 10 minutes; you cannot follow two individuals simultaneously or you may miss actions (even if this is tempting)! To start, determine which action your focal cricket is performing when the observation begins (0:00). When the cricket switches to another duration action, record the stop time for that instance of the action (e.g., 1:08), and note the start time for the action the individual switched to at that time (the start time will be the same as the stop time for the previous action). Continue until the observation period has ended. See example data below. Cricket ID: _[example). Cricket Type (male/female / juvenile): male Action Times: Start-Stop Total Time (s)* Eating 1:50-2:30 40 Chirping 2:55-4:22 87 Walking 0:00-1:08 / 1:20-1:50 / 2:30-2:55 / 4:22-5:33 194 Immobile open ground 1:08-1:20 12 Immobile in shelter 5:33-10:00 267 Immobile top of object [never observed] 0 *Note that the total time in seconds for each action is calculated after the observation has ended, and should total to 600 seconds for a 10-minute observation. Male Cricket ID: Action Cricket Type ( male/female / juvenile): Times: Start-Stop Total Time (s) Eating 1:08 - 1:20 12 Chirping 1:50 - 2:30 40 BIO 2490 EEB v.GilleySP20 Walking 2:55 -4:22 87 Immobile open ground 5:33 - 10:00 267 Immobile in shelter (never observed) 0 Immobile top of object 0:00 - 1:08 / 1:20 - 1:50 / 2:30 - 2:55 / 4:22-5:33 194 Cricket ID: Female Cricket Type (male/female / juvenile): Times: Start-Stop Action Total Time (s) Eating 2:55 - 4:22 87 Chirping (never observed) 0 Walking 5:33 - 10:00 267 Immobile open ground 1:50 - 2:30 40 Immobile in shelter 0:00 - 1:08 / 1:20 - 1:50 / 2:30 - 2:55 / 4:22-5:33 194 Immobile top of object 1:08 - 1:20 12 Male Cricket ID: Action Cricket Type ( male / female / juvenile):. Times: Start-Stop Total Time (s) Eating (never observed) 0 Chirping 0:00 - 1:08 / 1:20 - 1:50 / 2:30 - 2:55 / 4:22-5:33 194 Walking 1:50 - 2:30 40 Immobile open ground 2:55 - 4:22 87 Immobile in shelter 1:08 - 1:20 12 Immobile top of object 5:33 - 10:00 267 Female Cricket ID: Action Cricket Type (male / female / juvenile): Times: Start-Stop Total Time (s) Eating 5:33 - 10:00 267 Chirping (never observed) 0 BIO 2490 EEB v.GilleySP20 Walking 0:00 - 1:08 / 1:20 - 1:50 / 2:30 - 2:55 / 4:22-5:33 194 Immobile open ground 1:08-1:20 12 Immobile in shelter 1:50 - 2:30 40 Immobile top of object 2:55 -4:22 87 Part 2: Summarizing Quantitative Observations Scan Samples: common actions Calculate the number of scans in which Cricket 1 was observed doing each action. Do this also for the other three crickets and calculate the average for each action. Example: Cricket Type Stationary Stationary Total Cricket (m/f/1) Walking Eating (etc.) in shelter open ground red m 2 0 3 6 11 blue m 0 4 3 4 11 red f 0 4 7 11 blue f 10 0 1 0 11 (etc.) male average 1 2 3 5 female average 5 2 4 0 - 0 Make a bar graph of the action average (example below). Do not include in the graph any actions that you never saw your crickets do. This graph gives one a quick view of the crickets most common actions during your scan sample. Remember that this picture may differ meaningfully if data collection was repeated under different conditions, or with different crickets. 6 male average female average 5 4 3 52 ground 1 0 Stationary in Stationary open Walking Eating shelter Action Focal Samples: time budgets A common way to graphically capture duration-type behavior is to create time budgets, which are simply pie charts of % of time occupied by each action (example below). Use your focal sample data to construct a two time budgets, one for average male behavior and one for average female behavior. Your data can be set up in a way similar to above, except that you will convert the averages to percentages (out of 600 seconds) for the pie graph (see below). Example of male calculations below. Cricket Cricket Type Stationary Stationary Walking Eating (etc.) (m/f/j) in shelter open ground red 250 50 171 129 600 blue m 229 200 111 60 600 red f 600 Total m BIO 2490 EEB v.GilleySP20 f 600 blue (etc.) 39.9% 20.8% 23.5% 15.8% 100% male average % female average % ADULT MALE Eating Chirping Immobile shelter Walking Immobile Open BIO 2490 EEB v.GilleySP20 Cricket Behavior Lab Week 2: Observing Behavior Quantitatively For behavior to be subjected to scientific hypothesis testing, it needs to be quantified. Quantifying behavior is uniquely challenging compared to many areas of biology because it often consists of complex motor patterns unfolding over short periods of time. Behavior is also ephemeral, individually variable, and as mentioned above highly dependent upon context. Despite these challenges, there are some standard approaches to quantification of behavior which we will practice here. Part 1: Sampling Methods There are at least two approaches to recording behavior quantitatively. Focal sampling is when the observer follows an individual animal for a period of time and records the frequencies or durations of all their actions and interactions. Behavior can also be quantified by scan sampling, where the behavior of each individual animal is checked periodically (e.g. every 10 minutes) over a period of time (e.g. 1 hour). Each approach has its benefits and limitations. Scan sampling allows for observation of a larger number of individuals over a longer period of time, but focal sampling produces a more complete record of an individual's behavior and allows analysis of sequences of actions. Some method of individual identification is helpful for both approaches but can be especially important for scan sampling of active animals and focal sampling of individuals within a larger group of identical conspecifics. We will practice both methods. Exercise A: scan sampling Each student will record the behavior of four crickets (two female, two male) over a period of ten minutes, scanning every 60 seconds. This should be done on all four individuals together using the same time points, so that the end result can be considered one scan sample of many individuals. Use the data table below to record your observations by entering in the boxes below the actions or interaction each crickets is performing at each time point. Time Cricket 1: (female) Cricket 2: (male) Cricket 3: (female) Cricket 4: (male) example eating stationary in shelter stationary open ground walking 0:00 stationary open ground walking stationary in shelter stationary open ground (on top of object) 1:00 walking walking eating stationary open ground 2:00 stationary in shelter stationary in shelter stationary open ground walking 3:00 eating walking stationary in shelter stationary open ground (on top of object) 4:00 walking eating eating stationary open ground 5:00 stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (chirping) stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (on top of object) 6:00 stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (chirping) 7:00 stationary in shelter stationary open ground (chirping) stationary in shelter stationary open ground (chirping) 8:00 stationary in shelter walking stationary open eating ground BIO 2490 EEB V.GilleySP20 9:00 stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary open ground (on top of object) 10:00 stationary open ground (on top of object) stationary in shelter stationary in shelter Exercise B: focal sampling of duration events An additional consideration for focal sampling is how to quantify the amount of each action observed. Most actions and interactions can be considered either as a frequency or duration event. Frequency events occur in distinct bursts so that the behavior is best measured as the number of instances of the behavior during some observation period. Frequency event behaviors are often summed over the observation period and then divided by the time of observation to create a rate, such as "chirps per minute". Duration events have distinct beginnings and ends with the behavior continuing for a measurable period of time in between. For duration event behaviors, the durations of all instances of the behavior are often converted to seconds and summed for the observation period to create a total duration, such as "seconds spent eating potato". (Note that while many actions fall clearly into frequency or duration categories, some actions could be measured with either data type. The goal is to find the approach that most accurately captures the amount of the behavior during the limited period of observation.) You will follow each of your crickets individually for 10 minutes; you cannot follow two individuals simultaneously or you may miss actions (even if this is tempting)! To start, determine which action your focal cricket is performing when the observation begins (0:00). When the cricket switches to another duration action, record the stop time for that instance of the action (e.g., 1:08), and note the start time for the action the individual switched to at that time (the start time will be the same as the stop time for the previous action). Continue until the observation period has ended. See example data below. Cricket ID: _[example). Cricket Type (male/female / juvenile): male Action Times: Start-Stop Total Time (s)* Eating 1:50-2:30 40 Chirping 2:55-4:22 87 Walking 0:00-1:08 / 1:20-1:50 / 2:30-2:55 / 4:22-5:33 194 Immobile open ground 1:08-1:20 12 Immobile in shelter 5:33-10:00 267 Immobile top of object [never observed] 0 *Note that the total time in seconds for each action is calculated after the observation has ended, and should total to 600 seconds for a 10-minute observation. Male Cricket ID: Action Cricket Type ( male/female / juvenile): Times: Start-Stop Total Time (s) Eating 1:08 - 1:20 12 Chirping 1:50 - 2:30 40 BIO 2490 EEB v.GilleySP20 Walking 2:55 -4:22 87 Immobile open ground 5:33 - 10:00 267 Immobile in shelter (never observed) 0 Immobile top of object 0:00 - 1:08 / 1:20 - 1:50 / 2:30 - 2:55 / 4:22-5:33 194 Cricket ID: Female Cricket Type (male/female / juvenile): Times: Start-Stop Action Total Time (s) Eating 2:55 - 4:22 87 Chirping (never observed) 0 Walking 5:33 - 10:00 267 Immobile open ground 1:50 - 2:30 40 Immobile in shelter 0:00 - 1:08 / 1:20 - 1:50 / 2:30 - 2:55 / 4:22-5:33 194 Immobile top of object 1:08 - 1:20 12 Male Cricket ID: Action Cricket Type ( male / female / juvenile):. Times: Start-Stop Total Time (s) Eating (never observed) 0 Chirping 0:00 - 1:08 / 1:20 - 1:50 / 2:30 - 2:55 / 4:22-5:33 194 Walking 1:50 - 2:30 40 Immobile open ground 2:55 - 4:22 87 Immobile in shelter 1:08 - 1:20 12 Immobile top of object 5:33 - 10:00 267 Female Cricket ID: Action Cricket Type (male / female / juvenile): Times: Start-Stop Total Time (s) Eating 5:33 - 10:00 267 Chirping (never observed) 0 BIO 2490 EEB v.GilleySP20 Walking 0:00 - 1:08 / 1:20 - 1:50 / 2:30 - 2:55 / 4:22-5:33 194 Immobile open ground 1:08-1:20 12 Immobile in shelter 1:50 - 2:30 40 Immobile top of object 2:55 -4:22 87 Part 2: Summarizing Quantitative Observations Scan Samples: common actions Calculate the number of scans in which Cricket 1 was observed doing each action. Do this also for the other three crickets and calculate the average for each action. Example: Cricket Type Stationary Stationary Total Cricket (m/f/1) Walking Eating (etc.) in shelter open ground red m 2 0 3 6 11 blue m 0 4 3 4 11 red f 0 4 7 11 blue f 10 0 1 0 11 (etc.) male average 1 2 3 5 female average 5 2 4 0 - 0 Make a bar graph of the action average (example below). Do not include in the graph any actions that you never saw your crickets do. This graph gives one a quick view of the crickets most common actions during your scan sample. Remember that this picture may differ meaningfully if data collection was repeated under different conditions, or with different crickets. 6 male average female average 5 4 3 52 ground 1 0 Stationary in Stationary open Walking Eating shelter Action Focal Samples: time budgets A common way to graphically capture duration-type behavior is to create time budgets, which are simply pie charts of % of time occupied by each action (example below). Use your focal sample data to construct a two time budgets, one for average male behavior and one for average female behavior. Your data can be set up in a way similar to above, except that you will convert the averages to percentages (out of 600 seconds) for the pie graph (see below). Example of male calculations below. Cricket Cricket Type Stationary Stationary Walking Eating (etc.) (m/f/j) in shelter open ground red 250 50 171 129 600 blue m 229 200 111 60 600 red f 600 Total m BIO 2490 EEB v.GilleySP20 f 600 blue (etc.) 39.9% 20.8% 23.5% 15.8% 100% male average % female average % ADULT MALE Eating Chirping Immobile shelter Walking Immobile Open