please read the case study given below and answer all questions i'll upvote

please

The Case Study: The Swedish National Board of Student Aid (CSN) In this paper, we study the case of a central public agency in a mature welfare state. The Swedish National Board of Student Aid (known as the CSN) manages the payment of financial aid to students for their living costs. CSN is divided into two administrative units: "Out" and "In". "Out" includes those sections within the agency that manage the payment of financial aid to students. The "In" unit within CSN focuses on the repayment of loans. This case study is focused on the "In" unit, where several automated systems support decision-making. The re-payment arrangements for student loans are clearly defined in the legislation; decisions are based on income from two years prior to the arrangement being made. The decision on the amount to be repaid is made "mechanically" by the automated system. The system combines information from CSN, information available to the public (eg., tax information) and a client's personal information. In most cases the process is fully automated; in other words, the system calculates the reimbursement amount and automatically informs clients. When a client has given signed permission, the system can also accept payments that are made automatically by that client's bank. However, when a client applies for a reduction in the amount to be reimbursed annually, the "In" unit has to manage the errand. A professional officer within the unit has to take on the task, checking the information provided by the client through the on-line applications system and manually adding other official information (most often from the social insurance agency), if applicable. The automated system within the unit then takes over. The use of automated decision-making systems has brought about a readjustment of the practices that take place within public administration in several respects. Here, we will first focus on the use of officers' competence and the ethics of decision-making. The automated decision-making system is strictly based on legislation. The system can be seen as a mediator of the legislation. It presents and calculates errands in a correct way. When a client calls CSN, the role of the officer appears not to be that of decision-maker; rather, the officer is there to guide and direct the client through the e-service and prepare them to receive an automated decision. Care was given in the form of personal guidance, not for personal reasons but as a way of increasing trust in the automated system. Standardized texts were also used to motivate the decisions and improve clients' trust and reliance on the system. There is also a guidebook on how to apply the explanations as to why a decision has been made. Internal educational programs on the legislation are provided; these also train officers to interpret and use the standardized formulations. The automated services can almost be seen as a "hidden bureaucrat", making the decisions on citizens' personal errands. There is a focus on justice and on the rule of law, as well as on efficiency and equal treatment for clients who use e-services. The system is embedded to such an extent that it can be seen as a street-level bureaucrat in its own right. The high level of acceptance of the automated decision-making system probably refers to the high level of trust in the legislative framework and in the government in general. Complaints from clients were considered first when the input into the automated system wasn't sufficient. To support the clients, they asked for new information that was not taken into account when the first decision was made. Likewise, they asked if there were extraordinary circumstances that could be related to income. In terms of decision-making, rarely was the system itself seen to be at fault. Thus, legitimacy is promoted through users' trust in the system and the transparency of personal services and information. The system is to be trusted, because it provides personalized and efficient services. Automation is in the interests of the citizen, and, thus, accountability involves a personal relationship between the citizen as an end-user and the automated system. The system is seen as a mediator to encourage the competence of professional officers. Consequently, it is the legislation that says "no" - not the system, itself. 1. Explain how the Automated Decision System (ADS) assists CSN to manage the payment of financial aid to students. (15 points) 2. What are the main characteristics of the Financial Aid Management System that make it an Automated Decision System? (25 points) 3. What are the measures and the approaches that CSN has employed to increase the clients (students) trust in the automated system? (15 points) 4. From your point of view as a student, what additional measures and approaches would you suggest the CSN to use, in order to increase the clients trust in the automated system? (25 points) 5. Identify and explain the main benefits of using the Automated Decision System to manage the payment of financial aid to students. (20 points)