Please read the pdf requirement and fix this assessment.

First, the analysis part is less accounting theory to evidence the case. I need some more legitimacy theory to concern the case.

Second, please use third person to describe this document.

Third, this assessment need at least 3 academic ref and 1 general resource.

Cheers!

3101AFE Accounting Theory and Practice INDIVIDUAL RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT Trimester2 2017 A. OVERVIEW Students will be presented with several news articles that demonstrate issues of relevance to accounting theory. Students will choose one of those articles and evaluate the article using and applying the most appropriate accounting theory relevant to the article they have chosen. Assignment Due Date: Weighting: Word Length: Marking criteria Friday September 8th at 2.00pm 20%. Part A = 100 words (no leeway). Parts B and C and conclusion combined = 500 words with a 10% leeway. The rubric indicates how you will be marked (see page 4). B. REQUIREMENTS THE SUBMISSION MUST BE TYPED, DOUBLE-SPACED, AND APPROPRIATELY REFERENCED 1) ACCOUNTING THEORIES Select an accounting theory that is relevant to the article. Use only ONE theory for your chosen article. DO NOT invent a theory - you MUST only use the theories listed on page 3 of this document. 2) ANALYSIS/REPORT A word count MUST be included at the end of each section of your report, plus an overall word count must be given at the end of the report. For the article, apply the chosen accounting theory in a report style format: Title of the Article and Article Reference Number (as shown in this document) DO NOT reproduce the article which you select from this document- include only the title and article number of the article. Then, the four sections of your report, each with a word count at the end: 1. Summary (Part A): - Summarise the article within a maximum of 100 words. There is no leeway on the 100 word maximum. Do not refer to the appropriate theory in this section. The article summary should clearly conveys the article's substance as it would pertain to Accounting Theory without referring to Accounting Theory). 2. Accounting Theory (Part B): - Identify and briefly describe the accounting theory that you will be using in this analysis. Use appropriate references. This section should include a minimum of two (2) academic references from where you have obtained the description of the theory and its underlying assumptions (Suggested word count = 100 words) 3. Analysis (Part C): - Provide an analysis and application of the relationship between the theory and the newspaper article. Show how the facts of your article are directly related to the accounting theory chosen. Use references to support your arguments. (Suggested word count = 350 words) 4. Conclusion: - Provide a brief conclusion. (Suggested word count = Maximum 50 words) 3) REFERENCING A list of references used should be presented at the end of the report. (see GBS Resource Bank - link available on L@G) 1 The report should contain normal academic referencing and reference sources. Ensure all sources of your discussion are acknowledged/referenced. You MUST NOT refer to or use as a reference source EITHER the Deegan textbook OR your WORKSHOP Notes/PowerPoint slides IN YOUR REPORTS. Failure to follow this instruction will result in marks being deducted. 4) COMPILATION OF THE ASSIGNMENT Please compile the assignment in the following order: Individual assignment cover sheet - please ensure: o Your name and student number are clearly written. PLEASE UNDERLINE YOUR FAMILY NAME and put your family name in CAPITALS. o That the ACADEMIC INTEGRTY DECLARATION IS FULLY COMPLETED AND SIGNED A title page Assignment Report and Reference List 5) SUBMISSION OF THE ASSIGNMENT The assignment is to be submitted THROUGH SAFE ASSIGN at Learning@Griffith under the ASSESSMENT folder where it says: 'This is the Link where you will submit your Research Assignment'. In order to create only one Word file (Safe Assign does not accept pdf files), students need to copy and paste the Individual assignment cover sheet and the RUBRIC criteria sheet. IF YOU DO NOT FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS, YOU WILL LOSE MARKS FOR PRESENTATION. OTHER POINTS TO NOTE and RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO ASSIST IN MAXIMISING MAKS 1. SPELLCHECK (English) and GRAMMAR check must be run prior to submission. Ensure you use English (Australian). You will lose marks if you use AMERICAN. 2. There are Links to Assignment writing resources on L@G under the GBS Resources Bank folder and also in the Assessment/Assignment folder. 3. There are 'Assignment Clinics' available at the Libraries- refer to the Learning@Griffith course website for a list of days/times available at both Gold Coast and Nathan campuses. 4. An Exemplar will be posted on Learning@Griffith by the beginning of Week 4 **You should refer to the Learning@Griffith website for penalties for late submission** 2 ACCOUNTING THEORIES LECTURE TWO + WORKSHOP TWO Public Interest Theory Capture Theory Private Interest Theory (Economic Interest Group Theory) LECTURE THREE + WORKSHOP THREE Legitimacy Theory Stakeholder Theory - Ethical (moral) branch OR managerial branch LECTURE FOUR + WORKSHOP FOUR Efficient Market Hypothesis LECTURE SIX + WORKSHOP SIX Positive Accounting Theory Positive Accounting Theory - opportunistic perspective OR efficiency perspective Political Cost Hypothesis Management Bonus Hypothesis - opportunistic perspective AND/OR efficiency perspective Debt Hypothesis - opportunistic perspective AND/OR efficiency perspective 3 3101AFE - ACCOUNTING THEORY AND PRACTICE - CRITERIA SHEET, RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT Student Name & Student Number: Tutor's Name: Anne Bean, Robyn Cameron, Amber Johnson; Objective Name Criteria Excellent Very Good Good Satisfactory Unsatisfactory Analysis, problem solving and evaluation 2% Ability to evaluate the case article. Excellent evaluation of the case article. Clearly conveys the article's substance as it would pertain to Accounting Theory. Very good evaluation of main points of the case article that would pertain to Accounting Theory. Good evaluation of main points of the case article that would pertain to Accounting Theory. Satisfactory evaluation of the case article. Unsatisfactory evaluation of the case article. Does not pick up on the points that would pertain to Accounting Theory. Analysis, problem solving and evaluation 2% Ability to identify the appropriate theory and evaluate the theoretical underpinnings relevant to the case article. All relevant theoretical underpinnings that apply to the chosen theory (in the context of the case study article) are identified and no irrelevant underpinnings included. Excellent reference of theory sources. All theoretical underpinnings that apply to the chosen theory (in the context of the case study article) are identified and no irrelevant underpinnings included. Very good reference of theory sources. Most theoretical underpinnings that apply to the chosen theory ((in the context of the case article) identified but some that are irrelevant. Good reference of theory sources. Some theoretical underpinnings that apply to the chosen theory (in the context of the case article) are identified but also some that are irrelevant. Chosen theory poorly defined Analysis, problem solving and evaluation 6% Ability to apply theoretical framework to the article case Convincing argument presented showing excellent application to apply complex theoretical concepts throughout. Instances/examples of linking the theoretical framework to the article case are given throughout the analysis and supported by research. Very good application showing ability to apply complex theoretical concepts. Multiple instances/examples of linking the theoretical framework to the article case and supported by research. Good application; several instances/examples of linking the theoretical framework to the article case and supported by research. Limited or partial rationale instances/examples of linking the theoretical framework to the article case and supported by research. Some application not relevant to the case article. Minimal interpretation or linkages presented relevant to the case article. Discussion is largely a summary of the article case. Written Communication 7% Presentation/me chanics Quality of writing is at a very high standard reflecting excellent English expression. Ideas are arranged in a very logical, structured and coherent manner; cohesive paragraphs. Writing is very clear and succinct; correct grammar, spelling and punctuation throughout the report. Quality of writing is of a high standard. Minimal grammar, spelling and punctuation mistakes. The ideas are arranged in a very logical, structured and coherent manner. Few grammar, spelling and punctuation mistakes. The ideas are arranged in a logical, some-what structured and coherent manner. Reasonable English expression. Some problems with sentence structure and presentation. The ideas appear less structured but satisfactory, not coherent in parts. Grammar, punctuation and spelling mistakes are present. Use of inappropriate language. Limited written communication skills. Quality of writing is at a very poor standard. There is little, if any, coherent structure to the document. Ideas are disjointed and do not flow in a logical manner. Multiple grammatical and spelling mistakes. Little or no evidence of proof reading. Written Communication 3% Organisation or structure The submitted assignment is presented in a very professional manner without flaws. The submitted assignment is presented in a very professional manner. The submitted assignment is presented in professional manner but minor flaws. The submitted assignment is presented in a satisfactory manner but contains several flaws. The submitted assignment shows a lack of care in the overall presentation and/or lack of adherence to compilation instructions APA or HARVARD reference style is expertly used. Consistent APA or HARVARD reference style is consistently used APA or HARVARD reference style is consistently used. Good reference of theory sources. APA or HARVARD reference style with flaws. APA or HARVARD reference style used in a haphazard manner. 4 ARTICLE 1: DOMINO'S PLUMMETS AS PRESSURE MOUNTS OVER WAGE INVESTIGATION http://www.businessnewsaus.com.au/articles/domino-s-plummets-as-pressure-mounts-over-wage-investigation.html Written on the 15 February 2017 by Laura Daquino IT'S good news on the balance sheet but bad news on the ASX for Domino's Pizza Enterprises (ASX: DMP) today, as the company dropped 14.36 per cent to a 12-month low of $53.56 per share despite a 31 per cent rise in first half net profit. The Brisbane headquartered company saw its profit soar to $59.7 million and has issued a lift in guidance, around the 32.5 per cent mark, for the full year, but this wasn't enough to meet the market's expectations. Earning before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) also climbed 33.6 per cent to $116.2 million, with Domino's European business seeing its EBITDA rise 99.7 per cent. Domino's CEO and managing director Don Meij says same store sales were up 17.4 per cent in Australia and New Zealand, over a period that saw the introduction of a Sunday surcharge. "It is refreshing our customers have given us credit for the surcharge as part of the introduction of these penalty rates as we continue the award modernisation process," says Meij. "Ultimately this is our core business - high quality food at an affordable price." The company revealed its Taste the Colour launch in September, and this was followed by the highest same store sales growth in the company's history in October. Zeroing in on Domino's franchise model, average weekly sales records has driven same store franchisee profitability to record levels. Same store EBITDA has increased 31.7 per cent over the past two years. The current store payback for a franchisee is three to five years, says Meij. Underpayment remains the word on the media's lips, however, as more comes to light about the potential exploitation of Domino's workers. Fairfax Media has been spearheading the investigation. There are concerns the company has been squeezing its franchisees too hard and there is widespread wage fraud within the company. Fair Work Australia is investigating the company in a process that will take months to complete. In its half year results issued today, Domino's says it has a 'zero tolerance for unethical behaviour, including under-payment of wages or under-reporting of sales'. Meij says the company's proactive compliance program is industry-leading, independently audited by Ernst & Young, and over the past three years has involved 456 store spot checks, 102 store audits and investigated 88 individual complaints. Almost 70 of these audits and complaints are still being investigated. "Our franchisee profitability figures clearly show there is no reason, nor excuse, for this behaviour. The findings from our compliance program demonstrate no correlation between store profitability and underpayment of wages," says Meij. An average Domino's store in Australia and New Zealand makes around $1.4 million in sales for the year. Meij says the 'actions of the minority do not reflect the majority' and the $4.5 million recovered in unpaid superannuation and wages from franchisees represents 0.8 per cent of labour costs in the network for the period. Four franchisees have been removed from the system, who operated seven stores, and an additional 22 franchisees chose to exist. Meij believes his business is changing and less franchisees will own and operate more stores going forward. Nearly nine out of ten new stores opened in the last half were with existing franchisees. "We expect more and more franchisees to go from running SMEs to medium and larger companies, and own four to five stores in the next five years. Were looking at a much more sophisticated pizza store owner." Domino's will pay shareholders an interim dividend of 48.4c, up 39.5 per cent from a year earlier. 5 ARTICLE 2: Woolworths announces all stores will ban single-use plastic bags within 12 months http://www.theage.com.au/business/consumer-affairs/woolworths-announces-all-stores-will-ban-plastic-bags-within-12months-20170714-gxba35.html Lucy Cormack, Pallavi Singhal, JULY 14 2017 - 4:25PM Single-use plastic bags will be a thing of the past at the checkouts of Woolworths and Coles in the next 12 months. In a shock announcement on Friday afternoon, Woolworths revealed it would shortly begin phasing out the bags in supermarkets, Big W and BWS stores, with a total ban in place by June 30 next year. Henderson Island, located in the South Pacific, has been found to host the highest levels of plastic rubbish in the world. The move was welcomed by environmental groups, which have long campaigned for a national plastic bag ban, and prompted calls for Woolworths' chief competitor to follow suit. Less than two hours later, Coles announced it, too, would be phasing out single-use plastic bags over the next 12 months. It is understood Woolworths was unaware Coles would be making an equivalent announcement on Friday. The phase-out will bring stores for both supermarket giants in NSW, Victoria and Western Australia in line with those in other states and territories where plastic bag bans have been legislated. "We currently give out more than 3.2 billion lightweight plastic bags a year and hence can play a significant role in reducing overall plastic bag usage," Woolworths Group chief executive Brad Banducci said. Woolworths Group chief executive Brad Banducci, right, and Woolworths Stores director Michael James with the company's new range of bags. Photo: Supplied Woolworths' Dan Murphy's and Cellarmasters stores have already stopped handing out single-use plastic bags. Instead of single-use plastic bags, the stores will now sell "a range of alternative shopping bag options [which] includes thicker reusable versions" at the checkout. Big W stores may provide reusable bags at no extra cost. Woolworths' new thicker reusable plastic bags that are to replace single-use plastic bags. Photo: Supplied In a statement, Coles said the announcement followed several months of consultation with a number of non-government organisations and environmental groups. "We've been working towards this announcement for some time now as part of our ongoing program to improve environmental outcomes throughout our business," Coles chief customer officer Simon McDowell said. By June 30, 2018, single-use plastic bags will no longer be given out at Woolworths stores. Photo: Tamara Voninski Coles will continue to provide a range of reusable bags at different prices. Total Environment Centre director Jeff Angel, a major advocate of a plastic bag ban, said he was "a little surprised" by the Woolworths announcement on Friday. "Woolworths has been one of the more oppositional stores [to a ban], so if they can announce such a good decision then clearly all of the previous objections are null and void," he said. Upon hearing that Coles had announced its own ban, he said there were "now no obstacles for all states to announce a ban on the checkout bag at all stores when they meet on July 28". "We welcome these announcements but would like to see them go the whole hog and ban plastic at the checkout entirely." Australians use about 6 billion plastic bags every year, Clean Up Australia's managing director Terrie-Ann Johnson said. "This will have a huge impact ... really, the only ones giving them out now at the supermarket level are Woolies and Coles." Ms Johnson said supermarkets were most likely pre-empting an official ban on plastic bags in the remaining states and the decision is unlikely to cost them any money. German supermarket chain Aldi, which opened in Australia in 2001, has never provided single-use plastic bags at the checkout and sells multi-use bags for 15 cents and fabric bags for 99 cents. It is estimated that tens of millions of plastic bags end up in Australia's waste streams every year and are frequently ingested by wildlife. More than half the turtles around the world and two-thirds of some bird species found on Australia's east cost have ingested plastics, according to CSIRO research. 6 ARTILCE 3: Employers face super gap crackdown http://www.theaustralian.com.auational-affairs/treasury/employers-face-6bn-superannuation-gapcrackdownews-story/b0f8882fee0e727980c6d835fc27252b MICHAEL RODDAN, The Australian, 12:00AM July 14, 2017 Employers will be forced to pay workers' full superannuation entitlements following a federal government crackdown on a legal loophole today, after The Australian obtained a confidential interagency report into an estimated $6 billion worth of annual unpaid super. Financial Services Minister Kelly O'Dwyer will introduce legislation amending rules that allow companies to reduce the amount in superannuation contributions they pay workers if an employee sacrifices part of their salary into their nest egg. Although the extent of super guarantee minimisation by businesses has not been quantified, the change will close a loophole many businesses use to shore up cash flow during financial stress. The Australian can also reveal that the Australian Taxation Office, the financial regulators and the Fair Work Ombudsman have pledged to ramp up their monitoring of super payments. Previous analysis by Industry Super Australia has estimated 360,000 employees are affected by the salarysacrifice loophole, costing them $1 billion in lost employer super payments. An interagency working group was set up by Ms O'Dwyer in December after former Treasury director Phil Gallagher prompted a Senate inquiry with his estimate that a third of workers were losing out on about $5.6bn in super entitlements a year. The amendment will be the first of several legislative changes Ms O'Dwyer plans this year to target compliance in making superannuation payments, and stems from a recommendation in the previously confidential report on superannuation guarantee noncompliance. The cross-agency report which involved Treasury, the ATO, the Department of Employment and financial regulators the Australian Securities & Investments Commission and the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority was handed to Ms O'Dwyer in March but had not been publicly released. Following a Freedom of Information request by The Australian, the government has pledged to act \"immediately\" on a recommendation contained in the report that will prevent businesses reducing the super entitlements they contribute for workers who choose to make voluntary contributions to their accounts through salary sacrifice. Super guarantee rules require businesses to pay workers 9.5 per cent of their ordinary-time earnings into their savings, but the existing law, which was drafted in the early 1990s, allows employers to calculate the amount 7 they owe their workers based on the salary less the voluntary sacrifices that have been made, meaning employees may be short-changing themselves by contributing to their retirement savings. A worker who sacrifices 9.5 per cent of their $100,000 salary would reduce the salary on which their employer would calculate the super guarantee to $90,500. This in turn would reduce the minimum required super guarantee contribution from $9500 to $8598. Under the Superannuation Act, there is no current distinction between a contribution from salary sacrificing or an employer contribution, meaning companies can either count the salary sacrifice as part of their own obligation or calculate the 9.5 per cent from a lower, post-sacrifice salary level. \"The existing superannuation law means employees who make voluntary contributions through salary-sacrifice arrangements inadvertently reduce their entitlements to the superannuation guarantee,\" the cross-agency report says. \"There is no clear rationale for this situation. \"Amendments to prevent this anomalous outcome would improve confidence in the system.\" ISA has estimated that workers who suffer unpaid super miss out on about $2000 each year on average. This short-changes these employees by about $24,000 in investment returns by retirement and leads to an extra $100 million annually added to the government's Age Pension bill, the single biggest cost to the annual budget. ATO Deputy Commissioner James O'Halloran said the estimate by Mr Gallagher, who is now a special adviser for ISA, was \"likely to substantially overstate the actual size of the superannuation guarantee gap\" because of the incomplete data collected by the ATO. However, the cross-agency working group has not yet been able to provide its own estimate of the extent of unpaid superannuation as the ATO lacked the ability to measure the extent of payment and non-payment. \"Administrative data collected by the ATO does not allow accurate calculation either of people's superannuation guarantee entitlements or the amounts they actually receive,\" the report said. \"The ATO is seeking to complete a credible, reliable estimate of the superannuation gap, but at this stage it is not completed.\" The ATO data does show that trade workers, machinery operators, labourers, consultants (including contractors) and apprentices are more likely to be underpaid. Younger workers and those with incomes less than $37,000 are also more likely to be underpaid, along with employees from less affluent areas. The ATO previously has estimated that between 2 per cent and 11 per cent of businesses failed to pay the proper level of super. The Small Business and Family Enterprise Ombudsman has found that a fifth of small businesses dip into workers' superannuation and wages if they are experiencing cashflow problems. Among nine recommendations made by the cross-agency report, all under \"careful consideration\" by the government, is a proposal to extend the new Single Touch Payroll system to all businesses \"as soon as practicable\". Single Touch Payroll, which aligns payroll functions with more regular reporting of tax and super, will apply to businesses with more than 20 employees from mid-2018. The report said including smaller companies in this deadline was feasible. Several recommendations made by the agencies do not require change to the law, and the ATO has said it would \"rebalance\" the focus of its super compliance program to focus on casework. The ATO, APRA, ASIC and the Fair Work Ombudsman have also agreed to meet each quarter to exchange information on superannuation compliance and increase monitoring of non-compliance. The agencies said it was \"difficult to quantify\" the extent of businesses exploiting the salary- sacrifice loophole, but it did not have evidence it was widespread. 8 ARTICLE 4: Two senior AFL officials resign and express regret after "inappropriate" relationships Caroline Wilson and Jon Pierik, JULY 14 2017 - 4:08PM http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/two-senior-afl-officials-resign-after-emergency-meeting-20170714gxb8aj.html The two senior AFL officials who have quit after it emerged they had each had an affair with younger female staff members admit they were in the "wrong" and are "truly sorry" for the pain they have caused. The AFL has been rocked by revelations football operations boss Simon Lethlean and general manager of commercial Richard Simkiss had conducted "inappropriate" relationships. They resigned from their senior roles on Thursday night, having had their positions discussed at an emergency AFL Commission meeting. Fairfax Media understands Lethlean's brief relationship was with former AFL Auskick staffer Maddi Blomberg. She left that role in September last year. The Sydney-based Blomberg is away with her long-time partner, rugby union star Kurtley Beale. Ali Gronow, the AFL legal staffer who has had a relationship with Simkiss, is currently on leave and it's unclear if she will return to the AFL. Two senior executives - including Gillon McLachlan's right-hand man - have left the AFL after revelations of inappropriate relationships. Lethlean said the relationship shouldn't have happened. "My resignation follows a wrong decision I made to have an inappropriate relationship with a female employee of the AFL. It is an action for which I am truly sorry for the hurt I have caused," Lethlean said on Friday. "The relationship should never have happened. As a husband and a leader of this organisation it is up to me to set the example. What I did was wrong." Simkiss also apologised, admitting "our industry is on a journey of change, and I can't let my actions halt or damage that journey". "I have apologised to Gillon and to my colleagues for a serious lapse of judgement that has hurt many people, including my family. My actions did not live up to the values of the AFL and is something I am truly sorry for," he said. AFL chief Gillion McLachlan denied the AFL had a culture problem and said he had reached out to the two women involved. "I have hurt the people who are most important in my life and who I love. They have done nothing to deserve this. I am deeply sorry for all the hurt and embarrassment I have caused. My priority now is to do everything I can to repair the damage and hurt I have caused my wife and my family and I cannot do this while working in this public role. Regaining the trust and love of my wife and my family will be my total focus," he said. The scandal comes a week after Ali Fahour, who had been the AFL's diversity manager, quit after he was banned for life from playing football for a coward's punch on an opponent in the Northern Football League. The Lethlean and Simkiss controversy also comes as the AFL has still yet to finalise an upgraded respect and responsibility policy, having engaged consultancy company Rapid Context to provide a report. The league also has Kate Jenkins, the Sex Discrimination Commissioner at the Australian Human Rights Commission, involved in the process. Lethlean had been a star on the rise and had risen through the ranks with good friend McLachlan. Simkiss was also highly regarded but their positions became untenable when revelations emerged of their affairs. 9 I failed my wife, my family, my friends, my organisation and football by making the decision I have. I have hurt the people who are most important in my life and who I love McLachlan said the two men had been conducting "inappropriate" relationships "with younger women in the industry". "The AFL that I want to lead is a professional organisation based on integrity, respect, care for each other and responsibility," McLachlan said. "We are committed to a process of change and I am confident that change is being seen across the industry." McLachlan said the decision for the two men to stand down was made "following issues that have come full to light over the past few days". "They were quite separate matters but, of course, distressing and of concern to a number of people," he said. "Simon and Richard have been honest and forthright to me and to their credit, own their mistakes and do not want the work of the AFL to be impacted by their actions." Asked to elaborate on the relationships, he replied: "I need to be careful - there are number of parties, there are families." He said there were "no concerns from the other parties". AFL legal counsel and game development chief Andrew Dillon will be acting general manager of football while Darren Birch will be acting commercial manager. The AFL will look outside of league headquarters to replace Lethlean. "I expect that executives are role models and set a standard of behaviour for the rest of the organisation," McLachlan said. "They are judged, as they should be, to a higher standard. "Many would ask why, but it was imperative for the way I lead and for our organisation to continue to change. I want a diverse and inclusive culture where employees are treated respectfully, fairly and represented at all levels. It was what we have been working so hard to achieve. "The journey that we are on to a more equal and respectful workplace must be more than just two words. It must be backed up with action and with change. We have come along way." Lethlean had been a star on the rise emerged through the ranks with McLachlan. He had only recently been elevated into the top football operations role after Mark Evans left to join the Gold Coast Suns. "I had no visibility of these actions when Simon was promoted," McLachlan said. 10 ARTICLE 5: PM orders gas giants: Aussies first Govt to impose restrictions on gas exports SARAH MARTIN, The Australian, April 26, 2017, Page 1 Malcolm Turnbull will impose tough new restrictions on the country's gas producers, introducing sweeping powers to block exports unless there are adequate supplies to meet the needs of Australian businesses and consumers. The Prime Minister has promised manufacturers the price they pay for gas will halve as he intervenes in the market. Declaring that the domestic shortage had led to consumers paying much more for gas than overseas buyers, the Prime Minister said on Wednesday the Australia-first policy was needed to ensure prices were lower and \"fairly reflect international export prices\". \"Australians are entitled to have access to the gas they need at prices they can afford,\" Mr Turnbull said ahead of an announcement expected in Brisbane on Thursday. \"It is unacceptable for Australia to become the world's largest exporter of liquefied natural gas, but not have enough domestic supply for Australian households and businesses.\" Following warnings in March that gas companies needed a \"social licence\" to operate, Mr Turnbull hit out at the sector for failing to meet a demand to become net contributors to the Australian market that is, producing more for domestic consumption than was exported. \"Gas companies are aware they operate with a social licence from the Australian people,\" he said. \"They cannot expect to maintain that licence if Australians are short-changed because of excessive exports.\" Origin and Shell produce more for the domestic market than they export. However, Santos was forced to take Mr Turnbull's request on notice given its GLNG project in Queensland is a joint venture operated with three foreign companies. Santos chief executive Kevin Gallagher has hit out at the idea of requiring companies to be net contributors as a \"fake construct\Running head: ACCOUNTING THEORY 1 Accounting Theory NameBowen S2873004 ACCOUNTING THEORY 2 Accounting Theory Bank Levy on Big Four Could Drive Customers to Regional Banks Summary According to this article, the government levy will increase $1.5 billion annually on the big four banks. The Bank of Queensland could benefit from the levy as Citi analysts confirmed their sell proposals on WBC, CBA, and NAB, but maintained a neutral call on ANZ. However, BOQ could only benefit from this depending on how the big four banks act from here. If they respond by hitting the pocket of the local borrowers, the smaller banks will gain a bigger market share. BOQ is just wondering how what the big banks' take is. Accounting Theory In my analysis, I will utilize the Legitimacy Theory. The theory has the function of illustrating the conduct of companies in developing and implementing voluntary social as well as environmental information disclosure so as to accomplish their social contract that allows their objectives recognition and the endurance or survival in a turbulent and jumpy environment. An organization's social perceptions get reported in agreement with the prospects of the society. In the circumstance when the company's exercises do not respect moral and social values, the company gets severely sanctioned by the society (Lanis, 2012). Analysis I will utilize the market in the view of the fact that new levy has been introduced into the market and thus the company has to work on new ways to sustain its customers. The South ACCOUNTING THEORY 3 Australian businesses and homeowners may face targeted rate increase following the levy if the big four banks decide on digging into the clients' pockets to recover the charges. Therefore, as the legitimacy theory states, the companies are supposed to look into ways that won't make them get sanctioned by the customers or otherwise the smaller banks will benefit as the big four lose their clients. The banks' exercises should respect the clients' moral and social values. The bank's responses could include increasing corporate loan and South Australian mortgage rates, rationing loan in the state, or threaten to shift call centers as well as processing centers elsewhere. The responses may have direct impacts on the economy of the state, which has the utmost rate of unemployment and low growth in the country. Besides the smaller and regional banks rely on the actions that are going to be undertaken by the bigger banks and thus they don't know their next move. They are just waiting to act once they know what the banks decide to work on so that they may gain some market share. The clients will thus have no other option but to turn to the smaller banks and regionals like BoQ, Bendigo, and Suncorp. The bigger banks were expecting bigger sales but the levy move has brought them down. The regional lenders may draw in more disgruntled clients in case small bank costs stay the same - or in case that smaller banks will receive higher margins in case they only lift rates in synch. Just as the theory states, its function is illustrating the conduct of these banks in developing and implementing their next objectives so as to accomplish their profits and not to hurt their clients and to also endure the harsh situation as well as endurance or survival without counting any higher losses (Fernando, 2014). Eventually, the banks will attempt to offset the effect of the levy through lower rates on deposits or higher mortgages rates, thus benefiting the smaller banks and regionals. ACCOUNTING THEORY 4 Conclusion As per the above discussion, the big four banks will not be able to effectively serve the society/customers' interest because the banks have no other ways of compensating themselves but to only increase their interest and mortgage rates. While the bigger banks increase the interest rates, the smaller banks will be able to gain more market share. ACCOUNTING THEORY 5 References Fernando, S., & Lawrence, S. (2014). A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR CSR PRACTICES: INTEGRATING LEGITIMACY THEORY, STAKEHOLDER THEORY AND INSTITUTIONAL THEORY. Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research, 10(1). Lanis, R., & Richardson, G. (2012). Corporate social responsibility and tax aggressiveness: a test of legitimacy theory. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 26(1), 75-100