Please read the Song and Schwarz paper 'If it's hard to read...' and write what you think are the IV and DV in study #1.

Remember, the IV is what's being manipulated and the DV is what's being measured.

please read the article " If It's Hard to Read, It's Hard to Do: Processing Fluency Affects Effort Prediction and Motivation " and answer the question

PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Short Report If It's Hard to Read, It's Hard to Do Processing Fluency Affects. Effort Prediction and Motivation Hyunjin Song and Norbert Schwarz University of Michigan People are more likely to engage in a given behavior the less tine. Finally, participants reported whether they were likely to effort it requires. As numerous studies have indicated, high make the exercise part of their daily routine (7 = very likely). perceived effort is a major impediment to behavior change, from At the end of the study, participants answered two factual adopting an exercise routine (e.g., Ducharme & Brawley, 1995) questions as a memory test, rated the ease with which the print to changing one's diet (e.g., Sparks, Guthrie, & Shepherd, 1997). font could be read (7 = very easy), and provided demographic Although previous research has shown that task type (e.g., Bush- information. ler, Griffin, & Ross, 1994) and previous experience (e.g., Thomas, Handley, & Newstand, 2007) influence the accuracy of effort predictions, little is known about how people estimate the Results and Discussion effort involved in a novel behavior. One possibility is that people As shown in Table 1, participants found the Arial font easier to run a mental simulation of the behavior and infer effort from the read than the Brush font, but recalled details of the instructions fluency of the simulation. If so, incidental variables that affect equally well in the two conditions. As predicted, they estimated the ease with which information about the behavior can be that the exercise would take less time and feel "quicker" and processed may play a key role in effort prediction. We tested more fluent when the font was easy to read than when the font this possibility by presenting instructions in easy- or difficult-to- was difficult to read. Accordingly, they reported a higher will- read print fonts. We predicted and found that people misread the ingness to make the exercise part of their daily routine when it difficulty of processing instructions as indicative of the difficulty of was described in an easy-to-read font than when it was described executing the behavior, and that this misperception has down- in a difficult-to-read font. The observed effect sizes qualify as stream effects on their willingness to engage in that behavior. large (Cohen, 1988). These findings provided first evidence that people misread the ease of processing instructions as bearing on the ease of STUDY 1 executing the described behavior. Study 2 replicated this ob- servation using a cooking recipe. Study 3 extended the findings Method by testing whether the ease of reading instructions influences Twenty students (12 females, 8 males; average age # 20.9 years) perceptions of the skill required for executing the behavior. read identical instructions for an exercise routine printed in an easy-to-read (Arial, 12 point) or difficult-to-read (Brush, 12 point) font. They estimated how many minutes the routine would STUDIES 2 AND 3 . take (open-ended) and how "quick" it would feel (? = very). They also used 7-point rating scales to indicate whether the Method exercise would "flow naturally," "drag on," and feel "boring"; Study 2 after recoding, these judgments were averaged (Cronbach's d = 82), with higher values indicating a more fluent exercise rou- Twenty-seven students (22 females, 5 males; average age = 18:74 years) read a recipe for a Japanese roll, printed in an easy- to-read (Arial, 12 point) or difficult-to-read (Mistral, 12 point) Address correspondence to Hyunjin Song or Norbert Schwarz, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church font. They estimated the time needed to prepare the dish (in St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, e-mail: hyunjin.song@umich.edu or minutes, open-ended), and reported their willingness to do so norbert.schwarz@umich.edu. 7 = very likely). As a memory test, they answered two yeso 986 Copyright 2008 Association for Psychological Science . Volume 19-Number 10