please read through the lab and make your own data chart and answer all steps of the lab thanks

7 Lab : Grad 3 8 X * Hom Rank SA) FAFS fafsa 154) Log FSA) Log 151 Log Tax F 3 2019 0 Mail New Tab S Cam & Cam How + X C @ File | C:/Users/20smi/Downloads/BIOL1501%20-%20Lab%20%2311%20(Online)%20(3).pdf E BIOL150L - Lab #11 (Online) 3 / 13 - 67% + ... rank of 1 and so on to the species with the least abundance. The total number of ranks is equal to the T. sativa 50 0.5 -0.347 30 0.30 -0.361 species richness. This data is graphed with the rank on the x-axis and the relative abundance on the y-axis. You will notice that the slopes of the lines for the two communities are very different. The slope of - pepo 5 0.05 -0.150 20 0.20 0.322 the line is a measure of the species evenness for the community. Thus, a rank abundance diagram T. ratus 15 0.15 -0.285 25 0.25 -0.347 shows a community's species evenness T. musa 30 0.3 -0.361 25 0.25 -0.347 0.6 Total 100 1.0 1.143 100 1.0 1.377 0.5e Procedure 0.4 Preliminary Data: 0.3 Each lab group should examine the yearly sales reports from major automobile manufacturers Relative Abundance summarized in table 3 . The market share data in the table is similar to the measurement of relative abundance used by ecologist. Use table 3 to hypothesize about the relative abundance of each of these 0.2 automobile "species" in varying "communities" (parking lots). Students can use this table to predict the "species' they will encounter in the "communities", which species will be most abundant, which will be 0.1 most rare, how the different parking lots will compare, or even how the student "species" will compare to faculty "species." 1. 2.5 3.5 Discuss with your group the comparisons you would like to perform, and then write a hypothesis for your study Rank Community A O Community B Hypothesis: Species diversity is one of the most frequently used parameters to quantitatively compare communities. Species diversity takes into account both species richness and relative abundance. By developing a few Prediction: simple mathematical formulas, ecologists have created several indices to compare species diversity between communities. The method of calculating species diversity that we will use is called the Shannon diversity index. Instructions: Head outside and take a 45-minute data collection hike through two separate and distinct neighborhoods The Shannon diversity index (H) is defined as: or parking lots.. Record the "species" of automobile you encounter during the data collection hike in the raw data collection tables below. Use table 2 to help you in determining the different "species" of cars H= -[ (p) (In p) found. For example, there is no need for model, like "Camry," but instead focus on manufacturers like Toyota, " "Chevrolet," "Ford," and so on. Each manufacturer, and not the model, should be considered as In this equation, p, is the proportion of the total individuals in the community represented by species / a "species.' (relative abundance) of species /, In is the natural logarithm and ) is the summation. When only one species is present, the value of His 0. Note that the Shannon index is a positive value. The higher the Once home, combine your data into Table 11.1. With this table, you will be able to calculate the Shannon Shannon index, the more diverse the community. In this case, the community with the higher species diversity index (H) to determine the species diversity for each community. Next Construct a rank diversity is also the community with the higher species evenness. While this is the trend, it is not always abundance diagram for figure 1 below to assess the species evenness for these two "communities." true. Using the Shannon index, ecologists can quantitatively compare two or more communities. Community Community B Species Abundance p, In p, Abundance p, In p, 2 W Type here to search O W 11:24 AM 7/4/20217 Lab : Grad 3 8 X * Hom Rank SA) FAFS fafsa SA Log| 451) Log FSA Log Tax F 3 2019 0 Mail New Tab S Cam & Cam How + X C @ File | C:/Users/20smi/Downloads/BIOL1501%20-%20Lab%20%2311%20(Online)%20(3).pdf E BIOL150L - Lab #11 (Online) 5 / 13 - 67% + ... Table 11.1: Community Composition of Automobile "Species" Figure 11.1: Rank Abundance Diagram Comparing Automobile "Species" in Urban "Communities" Location #1 - Location #2 - Automobile "Species" Abundance Rank P P x In(p) Abundance Rank P, x In(p) Total Species Richnes Species Diversity (H) H = -[ (p) (In p) Type here to search O 9 W 11:24 AM 7/4/20217 Lab : Grad 3 8 X * Hom Rank S) FAFS fafsa SA Log| 451) Log FSA Log Tax F 3 2019 0 Mail New Tab S Cam & Cam How + X C @ File | C:/Users/20smi/Downloads/BIOL1501%20-%20Lab%20%2311%20(Online)%20(3).pdf E BIOL150L - Lab #11 (Online) 7 / 13 - 67% + ... Table 11.2: a Field Guide to North American Automobile "Species" Species 7: Hyundai Motor America Species 1: General Motors Corporation Vehicles GMC HYUNDAI Hyundai SATURN Species 8: Mazda Motor of America Incorporated GMC Buick Cadillac Chevrolet Saburn Oldsmobile HUN PONTIAC Mazda Mazda Mazda Species 9: Mitsubishi Motors N A, Inc. Pontiac Hummer Species 2: Ford Motor Company Mitsubishi LINCOLN Species 10: Kia Motors NA MERCURY Ford Lincoln Mercury KIA Species 3: Chrysler LLC Kia FIAT Jeep Species 1 1: Subaru of America CHRYSLER SRT DODGE Dodge Chrysler Plymouth Fiat Jeep SRT Subaru Species 4: Toyota Motor Sales Species 12: American Suzuki Motor Corporation cion S TOYOTA Toyota Lexus Scion SUZUKI Species 5: American Honda Motor Company Incorporated Suzuki Species 13: Mercedes Benz CH) HONDA A ACURA Honda Acura Species 6: Nissan North America Incorporated Mercedes Benz Species 14: Saab NISSAN INFINITI SAAL Nissan Infiniti SAAB SAAB 6 Type here to search O W 11:24 AM 7/4/20217 Lab : Grad 3 8 X * Hom Rank S) FAFS fafsa 154) Log| 454) Log ! FSA Log Tax F 3 2019 0 Mail New Tab Cam Cam How + X C @ File | C:/Users/20smi/Downloads/BIOL150L%20-%20Lab%20%2311%20(Online)%20(3).pdf E BIOL150L - Lab #11 (Online) 9 / 13 - 67% + ... Species 15: Volvo Species 22: Mini MINI VOLVO Mini Species 23: Ferrari Volve Species 16: Volkswagon of America erran Species 24: Maserati Volkswagon Species 17: Audi of America Maserati Species 25: Bentley Audi B Audi Audi BENTLEY Species 18: BMW of North America Bentley Species 26: Rolls Royce R BMW Species 19: Porsche Rolls Royce Porsche Species 20: Jaguar JAGUAR aguar Species 21: Land Rover LAND- -ROVER Land Rover Type here to search O 9 W 11:24 AM 7/4/20217 Lab : Grad 3 8 X * Hom Rank S) FAFS fafsa 454) Log FSA) Log FSA Log Tax F 3 2019 0 Mail New Tab Cam Cam How + X C @ File | C:/Users/20smi/Downloads/BIOL150L%20-%20Lab%20%2311%20(Online)%20(3).pdf E BIOL150L - Lab #11 (Online) 11 / 13 - 67% + ... Table 11.3: Community Composition of Automobile "Species" in Urban Communities Raw Data Collection Sheets US Automotive Sales Data (based on 2013 sales) Location #1 - Location #2 - Species of cars % in Environment Species of cars %% In Environment Automobile Tally Automobile Tally "Species" Species" General Motors (Buick, Cadillac 18.1 Porsche 0.3 GMC, and Chevrolet) Ford 16.0 Land Rover 0.3 Toyota (Toyota and Lexus) 14.4 Suzuki 0.1 Chrysler (Dodge, Plymouth, 1.4 lagua 0.1 Chrysler, Jeep Flat) Honda (Honda and Acura) 9.9 Saab 0.08 Nissan (Nissan and Infiniti) 8.0 Ferrari 0.06 Hyunda 4.6 Bentley 0.02 Kia 3.6 Rolls Royce 0.01 Volkswagen 27 subaru 2.6 Mazde 1.9 Mercedes-Benz 1.9 BMW 1.8 Aud 1.0 Mitsubishi 0.4 Volvo 0.4 Min 0.4 Maserati 04 Type here to search O 9 W 11:24 AM 7/4/20217 Lab : Grad 3 8 X * Hom Rank S) FAFS fafsa 154) Log| 451) Log ! FSA Log Tax F 3 2019 0 Mail New Tab S Cam & Cam How + X C @ File | C:/Users/20smi/Downloads/BIOL150L%20-%20Lab%20%2311%20(Online)%20(3).pdf E BIOL150L - Lab #11 (Online) 1 / 13 56% + Lab Topic 11: Biodiversity Paper to tally counts Cars in the parking lots Calculator Graph paper Laboratory objectives After completing this lab topic, y be able to: Introduction 1. Perform the calculations necessary to determine the community parameters of relative abundance, and In ecology, a community is defined as the interactions between populations of two or more different Construct and inte abundance diagrams. species occupying the same ge hical area in a particular time. It is often important for an ecologist to 2. 3. Perform the calcul ecessary to determine diversity quantitatively compare two communities. One way to do this is to compare species richness, or the total 4. Understand the importance of biodiversity and be able to explain its significance to others. number of species occurring within the community. Consider two artificial communities, A and B; both containing 100 individuals. In this example, both communities have the same species richness because they both contain two species. Introduction Community A Community B What is biodiversity? Simply stated, biodiversity is the variation of life forms present in a particular Population size of Species 1 50 environment. Often, biologists use the term to refer to the total number of species living in a certain area 50 owever, the total number of species pres s not paint the entire picture of the true diversity of an Population size of Species 2 environment. Biologists also recognize that t that the relative abundance of each of the species present area is an important characteristic of b ple, picture in your mind two different fore You will notice that Species 1 occurs more frequently in Community A than in Community B. This Each forest has 30 species of trees pre sent and a total of 300 trees. In one forest, there are ten trees of difference in frequency is a difference ence in relative abundance. Relative abundance can be defined as the each species. In other words, there is e lation of each species. In contrast, the second forest proportion of a given species within a community. Community A has a much higher relative abundance of has one very abundant species that domi with 200 trees. All the other tree spec Species 1 than does Community B. the second forest are less common. A few species have 10 trees each, and several species are extremely rare and only have two trees each. Try to imagine perience would be like if you took an Let's consider another pair of commu nities. Both communities have a species richness of 4. The table afternoon and hiked through the two forests. If you were writing down the types of trees you saw during includes the values for relative abundance (p; the proportion of the total individuals in the community your hike, would your notes look the same for the two forests? represented by species / for each species. This time, the differences in the structures of these communities are more difficult to see The objective of this lab is to leam how odiversity and how biodiversity can be compared among different environments and areas. Me rements of biodiversity are a crucial step as humans try to sustain and preserve valu on our planet. There is mounting evidence Community A Community B that ecosystems with higher biodiversity have greater long-term stability and are more resistant Species Abundance disturbances such as hurricanes, forest fires, and even invasive species. Simply put, a healthy planet is a Rank Abundance P diverse planet. Your actions, decisions, and votes have a very real impact on biodiversity and, in turn, T. sativa 50 0.5 30 0.30 affect many facets of our natural world. 1. pepa 0.05 20 0.20 During this lab you will learn to gather data related to biodiversity, and will also learn simple methods for T. ratus 15 0.15 25 0.25 calculating quantitative estimates of diversity. Biologists use timates to compare T. musa 30 0.3 25 0.25 among related ecosystems and to track changes over time. After completing today's exercise, you should also be able to distinguish between species abundance, species richness, and species evenness. Total 100 1.0 100 1.0 When observed graphically in a rank abundance diagram, an ecologist can visually assess differences in Exercise 11.1: Comparing Communities the biological structures of two communities. In a rank abundance diagram, the species are compared based on the population size (abundance) of each. The species with the highest abundance is given a Materials Artificial forest community data Type here to search O W 11:23 AM ? 7/4/2021