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Monetary policy consists of the actions of a central bank or other regulatory authorities adopt to manage and regulate currency and credit in order to achieve certain macroeconomic goals. Monetary policy pertains to the regulation, availability, and cost of credit, while fiscal policy deals with government expenditures, taxes, and debt. Money supply, or money stock, is thetotal amount of money in circulation or in existence in a country at a given time. Money supply impacts price levels, capital availability,inflation, and the overall business and economic cycle of a country. A high velocity of circulationleads to more spending power and lower interest rates, which increases the amount of capital available for investments, businesses and spending. The reverse occurs with low velocity of money supply. Government authorities closely observe money supply and take necessary actions suitable for the overall economyor for selected sectors.Almost all countries in the world control their respective money supplies through their central banks.The Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) controls supply in the United States, BOJ (Bank of Japan) decides on interest rates in Japan and thePeople's Bank of China (PBOC) controls supply in China.