please show formulas

P88 Standard deviation versus coefficient of variation as measures of riskGreengage, Inc., a successful nursery, is considering several expansion projects. All the alternatives promise to produce an acceptable return. Data on four possible projects follow.

Project	Expected return	Range	Standard deviation
A	12.0%	4.0%	2.9%
B	12.5	5.0	3.2
C	13.0	6.0	3.5
D	12.8	4.5	3.0

Which project is least risky, judging on the basis of range?

Which project has the lowest standard deviation? Explain why standard deviation may not be an entirely appropriate measure of risk for purposes of this comparison.

Calculate the coefficient of variation for each project. Which project do you think Greengages owners should choose? Explain why.

Problem P8-8:
Part c:
	Project	Standard Deviation	Expected Return	Coefficient of Variation
	A	2.9%	12.0%
	B	3.2%	12.5%
	C	3.5%	13.0%
	D	3.0%	12.8%
Which project will Greengage's owners choose? Why