Please show the formulas on how to find these answers without excel spreadsheet

A firm has $$60$ million of common stock, $$40$ million of preferred stock, and $$80$ million of debt. The cost of equity is $8\mathrm{.}5\%,$ the cost of preferred stock is $9\mathrm{.}5\%,$ and the pre$-$tax cost of debt is $7\%.$ If the firm's tax rate is $30\%,$ what is the firm's WACC?

A$)7\mathrm{.}75\%$

B$)8\mathrm{.}06\%$

C$)7\mathrm{.}12\%$

D$)6\mathrm{.}44\%$

E$)8\mathrm{.}33\%$

New Flyer Industries has decided to expand its production of hybrid transit buses. The firm expects incremental cash flows of $$8$ million per year for the next $8$ years. The upfront cost of the expansion is $$28$ million, and there are additional flotation costs of $$1\mathrm{.}5$ million. If the New Flyer's WACC is $10\%,$ what is the overall NPV of the project?

A$)$ $$34,500,000$

B$)$ $$14,679,410$

C$)$ $$36,000,000$

D$)$ $$50,500,000$

E$)$ $$13,179,410$

Which of the following is not an example of a sunk cost in the capital budgeting process?

A$)$ The CEO's salary

B$)$ The lost sales on older products when new versions are introduced

C$)$ Past research and development expenditures

D$)$ The cost of a piece of land $5$ years ago

E$)$ All of the above are examples of sunk costs.

Please use the following information to answer the next THREE questions.

LNZ Corp. is thinking about leasing equipment to make tinted lenses. This equipment would cost $$600,000$ if purchased. The CCA rate on the equipment is $30\%$ and the salvage value after its fiveyear life will be $$122,451.$ There are no capital gains or losses to worry about. The firm's corporate tax rate is $40\%$ and its pre$-$tax cost of debt is $10\%.$ WeLease Corp. has offered to lease the system to LNZ for payments of $$102,000$ per year for five years. These lease payments would be made at the START of the year.

$8.$ What is the present value of the after$-$tax lease payments?

A$)$ $$283,577$

B$)$ $$273,264$

C$)$ $$257,797$

D$)$ $$255,196$

E$)$ $$214,831$