Please use the attached information to answer the "Factual Questions"

STATISTICAL GUIDE A correlation coefficient indicates the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. The most widely used correlation coefficient is the Pearson /. When it is positive in value, the relationship is direct. In a direct relationship, those with high scores on one variable tend to have high scores on the other variable, and those with low scores on one variable tend to have low scores on the other variable. In a direct relationship, the closer r is to 1.00, the stronger the relationship, the closer it is to .DO, the weaker the relationship. When the value of the Pearson / is negative, the relationship is inverse file., those with high scores on one variable tend to have low scores on the other variable). In an inverse relationship, the closer r is to -1.00, the stronger the relationship; the closer it is to .00, the weaker the relationship. The names of correlations can sometimes be confusing. Often when researchers are talking about a correlation coefficient, they simply use the word correlation and drop the word coefficient. In the table below, the researchers did the opposite and used the lengthiest name for the particular kind of correlation they used (Le., "the Pearson product-moment correlation"). This longer name is the same thing as a Pearson r correlation-which is often referred to simply as a correlation. As we said, it can be confusing EXCERPT FROM THE RESEARCH ARTICLE1 Participants in this study were a volunteer sample of full-time undergraduate students at a small, private, liberal arts college in the South. 84 We measured depression symptomatology by using the CES-D. The CES-D is a 20-item, 4-point Likert scale commonly used to assess depressive symptomatology in the general population. Scores range from 0 to 60; a score of 16 or greater is considered positive for depression. We assessed self-esteem by using the RSES, which is a 10-item, 4-point Likert scale considered to be a reliable and valid self-report scale commonly used to assess feelings of self-worth. The range of possible scores is 10-40; the higher the score, the higher the self-reported self-esteem. The SCS-R is a 20-item, 6-point Likert scale used to "measure social connectedness as a psychological sense of belonging." Scores are summated and range from 20 to 120. Higher scores indicate greater levels of social connectedness and belongingness. Table 1name is the same thing as a Pearson r correlation-which is often referred to simply as a correlation. As we said, It can be confusing. EXCERPT FROM THE RESEARCH ARTICLE Participants in this study were a volunteer sample of full-time undergraduate students at a small, private, liberal arts college in the South. P.84 84 We measured depression symptomatology by using the CES-D. The CES-D is a 20-item, 4-point Likert scale commonly used to assess depressive symptomatology in the general population. Scores range from 0 to 60; a score of 16 or greater is considered positive for depression. We assessed self-esteem by using the RSES, which is a 10-item, 4-point Likert scale considered to be a reliable and valid self-report scale commonly used to assess feelings of self-worth. The range of possible scores is 10-40, the higher the score, the higher the self-reported self-esteem. The SCS-R is a 20-item, 6-point Likert scale used to "measure social connectedness as a psychological sense of belonging." Scores are summated and range from 20 to 120. Higher scores indicate greater levels of social connectedness and belongingness. Table 1 Pearson's Product Moment Correlations Between the Dependent Measures (n = 227) Measure Depression Social connectedness Self-esteem -.372 414 Depression -.619 STUDY QUESTIONS Factual Questions 1. What is the value of the correlation coefficient for the relationship between Depression and Self-esteem? 2. How many of the relationships in the table are inverse? 3. What It the uslun of tha normalation soafficiant for tha chmanart relationshin in tha table?Depression -.619 STUDY QUESTIONS Factual Questions 1. What is the value of the correlation coefficient for the relationship between Depression and Self-esteem? 2. How many of the relationships in the table are inverse? 3. What is the value of the correlation coefficient for the strongest relationship in the table? 4. By visual inspection only, which one of the following pairs of variables has a stronger relationship between them? A. Depression and Social connectedness B. Depression and Self-esteem 5. By visual inspection alone, which one of the following pairs of variables has a weaker relationship between them? A. Self-esteem and Social connectedness B. Self-esteem and Depression 6. The correlation coefficient for the relationship between Depression and Self-esteem indicates which of the following? A. Those who experience more Depression tend to have higher Self-esteem. B. Those who experience more Depression tend to have lower Self-esteem. 7. The weakest relationship is between which two variables? Questions for Discussion 8. What are several possible explanations for why the relationship between Depression and Social connectedness is inverse? 9. Are you surprised that the relationship between Self-esteem and Social connectedness is direct? Explain, 10. In your opinion, does the Pearson r of -.372 prove that high depression causes lower self- esteem? NOTE d depression symptomatology among collegiate athletes