Presented below are three business transactions. Determine the effect on assets, liabilities, and stockholders' equity of the following three transactions. For each column, indicate whether the transactions increased, decreased, or had no effect.

Assets

Liabilities

Stockholders

Equity

$($a$)$ Stockholders invested cash in the business for common stock.

$($b$)$ Paid a cash dividend.

$($c$)$ Received cash from a customer who had previously been billed for services performed.