Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that thetrue population average core body temperatureamidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan isgreater than114.5 degrees Fahrenheit (F) and you set thelevel of significance at 5%for your formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 10 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108F (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. After the first 45 minute warming period, for each participant you place a personal sized electric fan 3 feet away with its airflow directed at a given participant's chest area, and the participants relax in this position for the next 45 minutes. At the end of this 45 minute fan period, you record the core body temperature of all participants. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Core Body Temperature (F)

1 109.5

2 108.7

3 109.8

4 109.2

5 107.8

6 107.6

7 108.3

8 109.6

9 108.6

10 109.1

Per Step 1 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, choose the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses, i.e. H0and H1, respectively, as well as the significance level, , pronounced as "alpha".

Select one:

a.

H1: > 114.5F, H0: = 114.5F, = 5%

b.

H0: > 114.5F, = 2.5%, H1: = 114.5F

c.

H1: = 114.5F, H1: 114.5F, = 10%

d.

= 2.5%, H1: > 114.5F, H0: = 114.5F

show work

Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that thetrue population average core body temperatureamidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan isgreater than109.7 degrees Fahrenheit (F) and you set thelevel of significance at 1%for your formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 26 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108F (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. After the first 45 minute warming period, for each participant you place a personal sized electric fan 3 feet away with its airflow directed at a given participant's chest area, and the participants relax in this position for the next 45 minutes. At the end of this 45 minute fan period, you record the core body temperature of all participants. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Core Body Temperature

1 95.1

2 94.0

3 95.0

4 95.6

5 95.5

6 95.4

7 94.3

8 95.6

9 94.1

10 95.5

11 94.4

12 96.8

13 93.6

14 95.7

15 94.7

16 96.2

17 96.0

18 95.6

19 96.3

20 94.7

21 95.3

22 95.5

23 95.4

24 95.5

25 96.4

26 94.7

Per Step 2 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, choose the appropriate test statistic.

Select one:

a.

Sp= ( [(n1- 1) * s12+ (n2- 1) * s22] / [n1+ n2- 2] )

b.

z = (X - 0) / (s / n)

c.

t = (X - 0) / (s / n)

d.

z = (p - p0) / (p0* (1 - p0) / n), where p = x / n

show work

Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population average core body temperature amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan is greater than 107.4 degrees Fahrenheit (F) and you set the level of significance at 5% for your formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 25 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108F (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. After the first 45 minute warming period, for each participant you place a personal sized electric fan 3 feet away with its airflow directed at a given participant's chest area, and the participants relax in this position for the next 45 minutes. At the end of this 45 minute fan period, you record the core body temperature of all participants. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Core Body

Temperature (F)

1 109.0

2 107.9

3 108.5

4 108.5

5 109.3

6 108.7

7 109.7

8 109.2

9 107.5

10 109.1

11 107.7

12 109.4

13 108.5

14 108.1

15 110.0

16 107.2

17 108.9

18 108.6

19 108.6

20 108.8

21 108.2

22 108.4

23 109.8

24 108.0

25 108.9

Per Step 3 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, choose the appropriate decision rule.

Select one:

a.

Accept H1 if t > -2.326

b.

Accept H0 if z < -1.645

c.

Reject H0 if t +1.711

d.

Reject H1 if t < +1.645

show work

Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population average core body temperature amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan is greater than 115 degrees Fahrenheit (F) and you set the level of significance at 10% for your formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 15 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108F (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. After the first 45 minute warming period, for each participant you place a personal sized electric fan 3 feet away with its airflow directed at a given participant's chest area, and the participants relax in this position for the next 45 minutes. At the end of this 45 minute fan period, you record the core body temperature of all participants. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Core Body

Temperature (F)

1 99.2

2 100.6

3 99.4

4 102.2

5 100.6

6 101.6

7 101.0

8 100.5

9 100.7

10 100.8

11 100.4

12 101.2

13 99.9

14 100.0

15 100.0

Per Step 4 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, compute the test statistic using the appropriate test statistic formula.

Please note the following: 1) you may copy and paste the data into Excel to facilitate analysis and 2) do not round your numerical answer that you submit as the online grading system is designed to mark an answer correct if your response is within a given range. In other words, the system does not take into account rounding. On the other hand, rounding is preferable when formally reporting your statistical results to colleagues.

show work

Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population average core body temperature amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan is greater than 78.1 degrees Fahrenheit (F) and you set the level of significance at 1% for your formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 29 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108F (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. After the first 45 minute warming period, for each participant you place a personal sized electric fan 3 feet away with its airflow directed at a given participant's chest area, and the participants relax in this position for the next 45 minutes. At the end of this 45 minute fan period, you record the core body temperature of all participants. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Core Body

Temperature (F)

1 104.9

2 104.6

3 104.2

4 105.7

5 104.6

6 104.6

7 105.4

8 104.8

9 104.4

10 105.2

11 104.9

12 105.3

13 104.3

14 104.6

15 105.6

16 104.9

17 105.5

18 104.5

19 105.3

20 104.8

21 105.6

22 104.8

23 104.6

24 105.4

25 103.9

26 105.2

27 104.6

28 104.1

29 105.1

Per Step 5 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, choose the appropriate formal and informal conclusions.

Please note the following: 1) you may copy and paste the data into Excel to facilitate analysis and 2) in the prior question you already calculated a test statistic but on a different dataset - calculate the test statistic again using the dataset directly above in selecting the corresponding formal and informal conclusions.

Select one:

a.

We do not accept H1 because z < +1.282, where z = 299.892. We have statistically significant evidence at = 1% to show that the true population average core body temperature amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan is greater than 78.1F.

b.

We reject H0 because z +2.467, where z = 299.892. We have statistically significant evidence at = 1% to show that the true population average core body temperature amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan is greater than 78.1F.

c.

We reject H1 because z +1.645, where z = 299.892. We do not have statistically significant evidence at = 1% to show that the true population average core body temperature amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan is greater than 78.1F.

d.

We do not reject H1 because z = +1.645, where z = 299.892. We have statistically significant evidence at = 10% to show that the true population average core body temperature amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan is greater than 78.1F.

show work

Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population proportion of heart and core temperature increases amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels isless than34.8% and setting the level of significance at 5% for the formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 38 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108 degrees Fahrenheit (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. At the end of the 45 minutes, you record for all participants if his/her heart and core temperature increased as compared to the start of the time period. The following table comprises the data you collect.

SubjectHeart and Core

Temperature

Increased?102030405060718090100111120130140150160170180191200210220230240250260271280290301310320330340350361370380Per Step 1 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, choose the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses, i.e. H0and H1, respectively, as well as the significance level, , pronounced as "alpha".

Please note that 0 and 1 are defined as no and yes, respectively, which is a typical coding scheme in Public Health.

Select one:

a.

H1: p = 0.348, H0: p 0.348, = 2.5%

b.

= 5%, H0: p > 0.348, H0: p = 0.348

c.

= 5%, H0: p = 0.348, H1: p < 0.348

d.

H1: p > 0.348, = 1%, H1: p = 0.348

show work

Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population proportion of heart and core temperature increases amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels is less than 39.7% and setting the level of significance at 2.5% for the formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 43 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108 degrees Fahrenheit (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. At the end of the 45 minutes, you record for all participants if his/her heart and core temperature increased as compared to the start of the time period. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Heart and Core

Temperature

Increased?

1 0

2 0

3 1

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 1

10 0

11 0

12 0

13 0

14 1

15 0

16 0

17 0

18 0

19 0

20 1

21 0

22 0

23 0

24 0

25 1

26 1

27 0

28 0

29 0

30 1

31 0

32 1

33 0

34 0

35 0

36 0

37 0

38 0

39 0

40 0

41 0

42 0

43 0

Per Step 2 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, choose the appropriate test statistic.

Please note that 0 and 1 are defined as no and yes, respectively, which is a typical coding scheme in Public Health.

Select one:

a.

z = (X1 - X2) / [ Sp * (1 / n1 + 1 / n2) ], where Sp = ( [(n1 - 1) * s12 + (n2 - 1) * s22] / [n1 + n2 - 2] )

b.

z = (p - p0) / (p0 * (1 - p0) / n), where p = x / n

c.

t = (X1 - X2) / [ Sp * (1 / n1 + 1 / n2) ], where Sp = ( [(n1 - 1) * s12 + (n2 - 1) * s22] / [n1 + n2 - 2] )

d.

t = (X - 0) / (s / n)

show work

Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population proportion of heart and core temperature increases amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels is less than 42.5% and setting the level of significance at 1% for the formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 26 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108 degrees Fahrenheit (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. At the end of the 45 minutes, you record for all participants if his/her heart and core temperature increased as compared to the start of the time period. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Heart and Core

Temperature

Increased?

1 0

2 1

3 0

4 1

5 1

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

10 0

11 1

12 0

13 1

14 0

15 0

16 0

17 0

18 0

19 1

20 0

21 0

22 0

23 1

24 1

25 0

26 1

Per Step 3 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, choose the appropriate decision rule.

Please note that 0 and 1 are defined as no and yes, respectively, which is a typical coding scheme in Public Health.

Select one:

a.

Accept H1 if z = -1.282

b.

Accept H1 if z +2.326

c.

Reject H0 if z -2.326

d.

Reject H0 if t < -1.960

show work

Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population proportion of heart and core temperature increases amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels is less than 42.9% and setting the level of significance at 5% for the formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 30 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108 degrees Fahrenheit (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. At the end of the 45 minutes, you record for all participants if his/her heart and core temperature increased as compared to the start of the time period. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Heart and Core

Temperature

Increased?

1 0

2 1

3 1

4 0

5 1

6 0

7 1

8 0

9 0

10 1

11 0

12 0

13 0

14 0

15 0

16 0

17 0

18 0

19 1

20 0

21 0

22 1

23 1

24 0

25 1

26 0

27 1

28 1

29 0

30 0

Per Step 4 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, compute the test statistic using the appropriate test statistic formula.

Please note the following: 1) 0 and 1 are defined as no and yes, respectively, which is a typical coding scheme in Public Health; 2) you may copy and paste the data into Excel to facilitate analysis; and 3) do not round your numerical answer that you submit as the online grading system is designed to mark an answer correct if your response is within a given range. In other words, the system does not take into account rounding. On the other hand, rounding is preferable when formally reporting your statistical results to colleagues.

show work

Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population proportion of heart and core temperature increases amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels is less than 40.8% and setting the level of significance at 10% for the formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 20 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108 degrees Fahrenheit (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. At the end of the 45 minutes, you record for all participants if his/her heart and core temperature increased as compared to the start of the time period. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Heart and Core

Temperature

Increased?

1 0

2 0

3 1

4 0

5 1

6 1

7 0

8 0

9 1

10 1

11 0

12 1

13 1

14 1

15 1

16 0

17 1

18 1

19 0

20 1

Per Step 5 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, choose the appropriate formal and informal conclusions.

Please note the following: 1) 0 and 1 are defined as no and yes, respectively, which is a typical coding scheme in Public Health; 2) you may copy and paste the data into Excel to facilitate analysis; and 3) in the prior question you already calculated a test statistic but on a different dataset - calculate the test statistic again using the dataset directly above in selecting the corresponding formal and informal conclusions.

Select one:

a.

We reject H1 because z -2.326, where z = 1.747. We do not have statistically significant evidence at = 1% to show that the true population proportion of heart and core temperature increases amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels is less than 40.8%.

b.

We accept H1 because z = +1.960, where z = 1.747. We do not have statistically significant evidence at = 10% to show that the true population proportion of heart and core temperature increases amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels is less than 40.8%.

c.

We do not reject H0 because z > -1.282, where z = 1.747. We do not have statistically significant evidence at = 10% to show that the true population proportion of heart and core temperature increases amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels is less than 40.8%.

d.

We accept H1 because z +1.960, where z = 1.747. We have statistically significant evidence at = 10% to show that the true population proportion of heart and core temperature increases amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels is less than 40.8%.

show work

Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population average core body temperature amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan is different than 107 degrees Fahrenheit (F) and you set the level of significance at 1% for your formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 40 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108F (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. After the first 45 minute warming period, for each participant you place a personal sized electric fan 3 feet away with its airflow directed at a given participant's chest area, and the participants relax in this position for the next 45 minutes. At the end of this 45 minute fan period, you record the core body temperature of all participants. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Core Body

Temperature (F)

1 101.2

2 100.6

3 101.0

4 101.1

5 99.7

6 100.6

7 100.6

8 100.8

9 101.6

10 101.2

11 100.6

12 101.8

13 100.4

14 101.5

15 101.8

16 102.3

17 101.0

18 101.0

19 101.1

20 100.7

21 101.8

22 102.0

23 101.9

24 100.1

25 102.5

26 101.9

27 101.1

28 101.1

29 101.2

30 101.6

31 100.4

32 100.8

33 100.1

34 100.7

35 100.5

36 101.0

37 101.5

38 101.3

39 100.6

40 101.2

Per Step 1 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, choose the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses, i.e. H0 and H1, respectively, as well as the significance level, , pronounced as "alpha".

Select one:

a.

H0: = 107F, = 1%, H0: 107F

b.

H0: = 107F, H1: > 107F, = 2.5%

c.

H0: > 107F, H1: = 107F, = 2.5%

d.

= 1%, H0: = 107F, H1: 107F

show work

Question text

Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population average core body temperature amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan is different than 111.1 degrees Fahrenheit (F) and you set the level of significance at 1% for your formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 46 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108F (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. After the first 45 minute warming period, for each participant you place a personal sized electric fan 3 feet away with its airflow directed at a given participant's chest area, and the participants relax in this position for the next 45 minutes. At the end of this 45 minute fan period, you record the core body temperature of all participants. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Core Body

Temperature (F)

1 95.5

2 95.4

3 95.5

4 96.4

5 94.7

6 94.7

7 96.6

8 96.5

9 94.7

10 95.8

11 93.6

12 95.3

13 96.1

14 94.7

15 94.7

16 96.1

17 94.4

18 95.2

19 96.2

20 95.8

21 95.2

22 94.7

23 94.4

24 94.9

25 94.7

26 94.8

27 95.1

28 94.9

29 94.1

30 95.2

31 94.7

32 96.2

33 94.4

34 95.1

35 95.0

36 95.0

37 95.2

38 96.7

39 96.3

40 94.7

41 96.4

42 95.4

43 96.4

44 95.4

45 94.7

46 94.7

Per Step 2 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, choose the appropriate test statistic.

Select one:

a.

t = (X1 - X2) / [ Sp * (1 / n1 + 1 / n2) ], where Sp = ( [(n1 - 1) * s12 + (n2 - 1) * s22] / [n1 + n2 - 2] )

b.

Sp = ( [(n1 - 1) * s12 + (n2 - 1) * s22] / [n1 + n2 - 2] )

c.

t = (X - 0) / (s / n)

d.

z = (X - 0) / (s / n)

show work

Question 13

Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population average core body temperature amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan is different than 90.4 degrees Fahrenheit (F) and you set the level of significance at 5% for your formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 30 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108F (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. After the first 45 minute warming period, for each participant you place a personal sized electric fan 3 feet away with its airflow directed at a given participant's chest area, and the participants relax in this position for the next 45 minutes. At the end of this 45 minute fan period, you record the core body temperature of all participants. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Core Body

Temperature (F)

1 108.3

2 108.4

3 108.7

4 108.7

5 108.2

6 107.7

7 108.0

8 107.6

9 108.4

10 108.7

11 108.8

12 108.7

13 107.8

14 108.3

15 109.0

16 108.9

17 109.4

18 108.8

19 109.1

20 108.8

21 108.5

22 108.6

23 108.7

24 107.7

25 108.6

26 108.8

27 108.2

28 109.3

29 108.8

30 108.4

Per Step 3 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, choose the appropriate decision rule.

Select one:

a.

Reject H0 if z -1.960 or z +1.960

b.

Reject H0 if t < -2.241 or z +1.645

c.

Reject H1 if z = -2.576 and t = +2.576

d.

Accept H0 if z +2.576 and t > +2.576

show work

Question 14

Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population average core body temperature amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan is different than 87.8 degrees Fahrenheit (F) and you set the level of significance at 2.5% for your formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 49 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108F (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. After the first 45 minute warming period, for each participant you place a personal sized electric fan 3 feet away with its airflow directed at a given participant's chest area, and the participants relax in this position for the next 45 minutes. At the end of this 45 minute fan period, you record the core body temperature of all participants. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Core Body

Temperature (F)

1 110.8

2 109.8

3 110.6

4 108.4

5 109.8

6 110.9

7 109.5

8 110.5

9 110.0

10 110.1

11 110.2

12 110.9

13 110.2

14 109.8

15 109.8

16 110.5

17 109.9

18 108.9

19 109.4

20 109.2

21 110.0

22 110.0

23 110.4

24 109.7

25 110.1

26 109.6

27 110.7

28 110.3

29 109.2

30 109.2

31 109.4

32 110.1

33 110.3

34 109.5

35 109.6

36 109.3

37 108.7

38 110.2

39 109.9

40 110.5

41 110.2

42 110.3

43 110.1

44 109.6

45 110.6

46 109.9

47 110.0

48 109.6

49 109.7

Per Step 4 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, compute the test statistic using the appropriate test statistic formula.

Please note the following: 1) you may copy and paste the data into Excel to facilitate analysis; and 2) do not round your numerical answer that you submit as the online grading system is designed to mark an answer correct if your response is within a given range. In other words, the system does not take into account rounding. On the other hand, rounding is preferable when formally reporting your statistical results to colleagues.

show work

Question 15

Previous research states, "no evidence currently exists supporting or refuting the use of electric fans during heat waves" in terms of mortality and illness. Counterintuitively, Public Health guidelines suggest not using fans during hot weather, with some research reporting the potential of fans accelerating body heating.

You decide to research further this seemingly contradictory guidance, hypothesizing that the true population average core body temperature amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan is different than 70.3 degrees Fahrenheit (F) and you set the level of significance at 2.5% for your formal hypothesis test. You randomly sample 42 participants based on your research funding and for 45 minutes, the study participants sit in a chamber maintained at a temperature of 108F (i.e., 42 degrees Celsius) and a relative humidity of 70%. After the first 45 minute warming period, for each participant you place a personal sized electric fan 3 feet away with its airflow directed at a given participant's chest area, and the participants relax in this position for the next 45 minutes. At the end of this 45 minute fan period, you record the core body temperature of all participants. The following table comprises the data you collect.

Subject Core Body

Temperature (F)

1 108.7

2 108.9

3 107.1

4 108.8

5 108.6

6 107.8

7 108.9

8 108.0

9 108.4

10 107.6

11 108.5

12 108.3

13 107.1

14 109.0

15 108.5

16 108.6

17 107.9

18 108.2

19 108.6

20 107.7

21 108.9

22 107.6

23 109.0

24 108.5

25 107.3

26 108.5

27 108.8

28 108.5

29 108.6

30 107.7

31 107.0

32 109.2

33 108.5

34 107.5

35 108.1

36 108.4

37 106.4

38 109.1

39 108.5

40 108.0

41 107.8

42 108.9

Per Step 5 of the 5-Steps to Hypothesis Testing, choose the appropriate formal and informal conclusions.

Please note the following: 1) you may copy and paste the data into Excel to facilitate analysis; and 2) in the prior question you already calculated a test statistic but on a different dataset - calculate the test statistic again using the dataset directly above in selecting the corresponding formal and informal conclusions.

Select one:

a.

We do not reject H0 because z < +1.960 and z < -2.326, where z = 376.991. We do not have statistically significant evidence at = 2.5% to show that the true population proportion of heart and core temperature increases amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels is different than 70.3F.

b.

We do not accept H1 because z +1.645 or z > -1.645, where z = 376.991. We have statistically significant evidence at = 1% to show that the true population proportion of heart and core temperature increases amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels is different than 70.3F.

c.

We accept H0 because z -1.282 and z = -1.282, where z = 376.991. We have statistically significant evidence at = 2.5% to show that the true population proportion of heart and core temperature increases amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels is different than 70.3F.

d.

We reject H0 because z -2.241 or z +2.241, where z = 376.991. We have statistically significant evidence at = 2.5% to show that the true population average core body temperature amidst higher ambient temperature and humidity levels while using an electric fan is different than 70.3F.

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