Problem 18-3B. I have been struggling understanding these concepts, the question is in the attached document.

Chapter 18 Problems: Set B P18-1BVideoPlus, Inc. manufactures two types of DVD players, a deluxe model and a standard model. The deluxe model is a multi-format progressive-scan DVD player with networking capability, Dolby digital, and DTS decoder. The standard model's primary feature is progressive-scan. Annual production is 50,000 units for the deluxe and 20,000 units for the standard. Both products require 2 hours of direct labor for completion. Therefore, total annual direct labor hours are 140,000 [2 hrs. (20,000 + 50,000)]. Expected annual manufacturing overhead is $1,050,000. Thus, the predetermined overhead rate is $7.50 ($1,050,000 140,000) per direct labor hour. The direct materials cost per unit is $42 for the deluxe model and $11 for the standard model. The direct labor cost is $18 per unit for both the deluxe and the standard models. The company's managers identified six activity cost pools and related cost drivers and accumulated overhead by cost pool as follows. Assign overhead using traditional costing and ABC; compute unit costs; classify activities as value- or non-valueadded. (LO 1, 2, 3) Expected Expected Use of Use of Drivers by Product Estimated Cost Overhead Drivers Standard Deluxe Activity Cost Pool Cost Driver Purchasing Receiving Assembling Testing Finishing Packing and shipping Orders $ 126,000 Pounds 30,000 Number of parts 444,000 Number of tests 115,000 Units 140,000 Pounds 195,000 $1,050,000 400 20,000 74,000 23,000 70,000 80,000 100 4,000 20,000 10,000 20,000 18,000 300 16,000 54,000 13,000 50,000 62,000 Instructions (a) Under traditional product costing, compute the total unit cost of both products. Prepare a simple comparative schedule of the individual costs by product (similar to Illustration 18-3 on page 841). (b) Under ABC, prepare a schedule showing the computations of the activity-based overhead rates (per cost driver). (c) Prepare a schedule assigning each activity's overhead cost pool to each product based on the use of cost drivers. (Include a computation of overhead cost per unit, rounding to the nearest cent.) (d) Compute the total cost per unit for each product under ABC. (e) Classify each of the activities as a value-added activity or a non-value-added activity. (f) Comment on (1) the comparative overhead cost per unit for the two products under ABC, and (2) the comparative total costs per unit under traditional costing and ABC. P18-2BKinnard Electronics manufactures two home theater systems: the Elite which sells for $1,400, and a new model, the Preferred, which sells for $1,100. The production cost computed per unit under traditional costing for each model in 2017 was as follows. Traditional Costing Direct materials Direct labor ($20 per hour) Manufacturing overhead ($35 per DLH) Total per unit cost Elite Preferred $600 $320 100 80 175 140 $875 $540 (a) Unit cost Standard $44 (c) Cost assigned Standard $291,375 (d) Cost/unit Standard $43.57 Assign overhead to products using ABC and evaluate decision. (LO 2) In 2017, Kinnard manufactured 20,000 units of the Elite and 10,000 units of the Preferred. The overhead rate of $35 per direct labor hour was determined by dividing total expected manufacturing overhead of $4,900,000 by the total direct labor hours (140,000) for the two models. Under traditional costing, the gross profit on the models was Elite $525 ($1,400 - $875), and Preferred $560 ($1,100 - $540). Because of this difference, management is considering phasing out Elite and increasing production of Preferred. Before finalizing its decision, management asks Kinnard's controller to prepare an analysis using activity-based costing (ABC). The controller accumulates the following information about overhead for the year ended December 31, 2017. Activity Cost Driver Purchasing Machine setups Machining Quality control Number of Orders Number of setups Machine hours Number of inspections Estimated Overhead Expected Use of Cost Drivers $ 775,000 580,000 3,100,000 445,000 25,000 20,000 100,000 5,000 ActivityBased Overhead Rate $31 29 31 89 The cost drivers used for each product were: Cost Driver Elite Preferred Total Number of Orders Number of setups Machine hours Number of inspections 11,250 11,000 40,000 2,750 13,750 9,000 60,000 2,250 $25,000 20,000 100,000 5,000 (b) Cost/unitElite $807.63 Instructions (a) Assign the total 2017 manufacturing overhead costs to the two products using activity-based costing (ABC) and determine the overhead cost per unit. (b) What was the cost per unit and gross profit of each model using ABC costing? (c) Are management's future plans for the two models sound? Explain. Assign overhead to products using ABC and evaluate decision. P18-3BLuxury Furniture designs and builds factory-made, premium, wood armoires for homes. All are of white oak. Its budgeted manufacturing overhead costs for the year 2017 are as follows. (a) Elite $2,152,500 (LO 1, 2), AN Overhead Cost Pools Purchasing Handling materials Production (cutting, milling, finishing) Setting up machines Inspecting Inventory control (raw materials and finished goods) Utilities Total budgeted overhead costs Amount $ 45,000 50,000 130,000 85,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 $550,000 For the last 4 years, Luxury Furniture has been charging overhead to products on the basis of materials cost. For the year 2017, materials cost of $500,000 were budgeted. Jim Brigham, owner-manager of Luxury Furniture, recently directed his accountant, Bob Borke, to implement the activity-based costing system that he has repeatedly proposed. At Jim Brigham's request, Bob and the production foreman identify the following cost drivers and their usage for the previously budgeted overhead cost pools. Overhead Cost Pools Activity Cost Drivers Expected Use of Cost Drivers 500 Purchasing Number of orders Handling materials Number of moves 5,000 Production (cutting, milling, finishing) Direct labor hours 65,000 Setting up machines Number of setups 1,000 Inspecting Number of inspections 4,000 Inventory control (raw materials 40,000 and finished goods) Number of components Utilities Square feet occupied 50,000 Debbie Steiner, sales manager, has received an order for 12 luxury armoires from Thom's Interior Design. At Debbie's request, Bob prepares cost estimates for producing 12 armoires so Debbie can submit a contract price per armoire to Thom's. He accumulates the following data for the production of 12 armoires. Direct materials $5,200 Direct labor $3,500 Direct labor hours 200 Number of purchase orders 3 Number of material moves 32 Number of machine setups 4 Number of inspections 20 Number of components 640 Number of square feet occupied 320 Instructions (a) Compute the predetermined overhead rate using traditional costing with materials cost as the basis. (b) What is the manufacturing cost per armoire under traditional costing? (c) What is the manufacturing cost per armoire under the proposed activity-based costing? (Prepare all of the necessary schedules.) (d) Which of the two costing systems is preferable in pricing decisions and why? P18-4BMerando Corporation produces two grades of wine from grapes that it buys from California growers. It produces and sells roughly 600,000 gallon jugs per year of a low-cost, high-volume product called Valley Fresh. Merando also produces and sells roughly 200,000 gallons per year of a low-volume, high-cost product called Merando Valley. Merando Valley is sold in 1-liter bottles. Based on recent data, the Valley Fresh product has not been as profitable as Merando Valley. Management is considering dropping the inexpensive Valley Fresh line so it can focus more attention on the Merando Valley product. The Merando Valley product already demands considerably more attention than the Valley Fresh line. Frankie Merando, president and founder of Merando, is sceptical about this idea. He points out that for many decades the company produced only the Valley Fresh line, and that it was always quite profitable. It wasn't until the company started producing the more complicated Merando Valley wine that the profitability of Valley Fresh declined. Prior to the introduction of Merando Valley, the company had simple equipment, simple growing and production procedures, and virtually no need for quality control. Because Merando Valley is bottled in 1-liter bottles, it requires considerably more time and effort, both to bottle and to label and box, than does Valley Fresh. The company must bottle and handle 4 times as many bottles of Merando Valley to sell the same quantity as Valley Fresh, since there are approximately 4 liters in a gallon. Valley Fresh requires 1 month of aging; Merando Valley requires 1 year. Valley Fresh requires cleaning and inspection of equipment every 2,500 gallons; Merando Valley requires such maintenance every 250 gallons. (b) Cost/ armoire (traditional) $1,201.67 (c) Cost/ armoire (ABC) $1,020.83 Assign overhead costs using traditional costing and ABC; compare results. (LO 1, 2) Frankie has asked the accounting department to prepare an analysis of the cost per gallon using the traditional costing approach and using activity-based costing. The following information was collected. Valley Fresh Merando Valley $1.35 $3.60 $0.75 $1.50 0.05 0.10 30,000 20,000 Direct materials per gallon Direct labor cost per gallon Direct labor hours per gallon Total direct labor hours Activity Cost Pool Grape processing Aging Bottling and corking Labeling and boxing Maintain and inspect equipment Cost Driver Estimated Overhead Cart of grapes $ 146,000 Total months 420,000 Number of bottles 210,000 Number of bottles 140,000 Number of inspections 234,000 $1,150,000 Expected Use of Cost Drivers Expected Use of Cost Drivers per Product Valley Fresh Merando Valley 8,000 3,000,000 1,400,000 1,400,000 6,000 600,000 600,000 600,000 2,000 2,400,000 800,000 800,000 1,040 240 800 Instructions Answer each of the following questions. (Round all calculations to three decimal places.) (a) Cost/gallonV.F. $3.25 (c) Cost/gallonV.F. $0.663 Assign overhead costs to services using traditional costing and ABC; compute overhead rates and unit costs; compare results. (LO 1, 2, 3, 4) Activity Cost Pool Employee training Typing and secretarial Computing Facility rental (a) Under traditional product costing using direct labor hours, compute the total manufacturing cost per gallon of both products. (b) Under ABC, prepare a schedule showing the computation of the activity-based overhead rates (per cost driver). (c) Prepare a schedule assigning each activity's overhead cost pool to each product, based on the use of cost drivers. Include a computation of overhead cost per gallon. (d) Compute the total manufacturing cost per gallon for both products under ABC. (e) Write a memo to Frankie Merando discussing the implications of your analysis for the company's plans. In this memo, provide a brief description of ABC as well as an explanation of how the traditional approach can result in distortions. P18-5BSmith and Jones is a law firm that serves both individuals and corporations. A controversy has developed between the partners of the two service lines as to who is contributing to greater profits. The area of contention is the assignment of overhead. The individual partners argue for assigning overhead on the basis of 30% of direct labor dollars, while the corporate partners argue for implementing activitybased costing. The partners agree to use next year's budgeted data for purposes of analysis and comparison. The following overhead data are collected to develop the comparison. Expected Use of Cost Drivers Expected per Service Estimated Use of Cost Driver Overhead Cost Drivers Corporate Individual Direct labor dollars Number of reports/forms Number of minutes Number of employees $120,000 60,000 130,000 100,000 $1,600,000 2,000 40,000 25 $900,000 500 17,000 14 $700,000 1,500 23,000 11 Travel (b) (2) Cost assigned- Individual $238,250 (c) Difference Corporate $28,250 Per expense reports 70,000 Direct 48,000 22,000 Instructions (a) Using traditional product costing, compute the total overhead cost assigned to both services (individual and corporate) of Smith and Jones. (b) (1) Using activity-based costing, prepare a schedule showing the computations of the activity-based overhead rates (per cost driver). (2) Prepare a schedule assigning each activity's overhead cost pool to each service based on the use of the cost drivers. (c) Comment on the comparative overhead for the two service lines under both traditional costing and ABC