Problem 22-3

Culver Inc. was organized in late 2015 to manufacture and sell hosiery. At the end of its fourth year of operation, the company has been fairly successful, as indicated by the following reported net incomes.

2015 $140,000a 2017 $204,000 2016 161,000b 2018 279,000

a Includes a $10,000 increase because of change in bad debt experience rate. b Includes a gain of $30,000. The company has decided to expand operations and has applied for a sizable bank loan. The bank officer has indicated that the records should be audited and presented in comparative statements to facilitate analysis by the bank. Culver Inc. therefore hired the auditing firm of Check & Doublecheck Co. and has provided the following additional information.

1. In early 2016, Culver Inc. changed its estimate from 2% of receivables to 1% on the amount of bad debt expense to be charged to operations. Bad debt expense for 2015, if a 1% rate had been used, would have been $10,000. The company therefore restated its net income for 2015. 2. In 2018, the auditor discovered that the company had changed its method of inventory pricing from LIFO to FIFO. The effect on the income statements for the previous years is as follows.

2015, 2016, 2017, 2018

Net income unadjustedLIFO basis $140,000 $161,000 $204,000 $279,000 Net income unadjustedFIFO basis 155,000 166,000 213,000 263,000 $15,000 $5,000 $9,000 $(16,000)

3. In 2018, the auditor discovered that:

(a) The company incorrectly overstated the ending inventory (under both LIFO and FIFO) by $13,000 in 2017. (b) A dispute developed in 2016 with the Internal Revenue Service over the deductibility of entertainment expenses. In 2015, the company was not permitted these deductions, but a tax settlement was reached in 2018 that allowed these expenses. As a result of the courts finding, tax expenses in 2018 were reduced by $66,000.

(b) Present net income as reported in comparative income statements for the years 2015 to 2018. (Enter amounts that decrease net income using either a negative sign preceding the number e.g. -15,000 or parentheses e.g. (15,000).)

CULVER INC. Comparative Income Statements For the Years 2015 through 2018 2015: 2016: 2017: 2018: 1. Net income (unadjusted)

2. Bad debt expense adjustment

3. Inventory adjustment (FIFO)

4. Inventory overstatement

5. Net income (adjusted)