Project Title To determine the impacts of rail infrastructure improvement on Zambias economy- a case study of Tanzania-Zambia railway line DEDICATION This academic piece of work is devoted with appreciation to my better half Namunza Halwiindi Mutale for her support and understanding during the time of study. I realize it was a penance on your part for giving me space to conduct various research works in the past two years. My sporadic presence denied you a Spouse I ought to have been. I neglected to give you my full attention, love, and affection during those hectic times. This thesis thus would not be complete without your emotional support each time my own strength was low. Last but not least, I also want to express my gratitude to the Almighty God for allowing me to attend this University programme and keep me in good health throughout my studies. You helped me when I needed insight, strength and mental calmness. My gratitude to you almighty Jehovah will always be inadequate. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Raj Parikh, my Strategic Management Lecturer for been so hard on me that I my research work, and Dr. Justine Ngoma for his untiring guidance throughout the research period. I want to thank you very much Sir, and may Jehovah God continue to use you to model many more students to come after me. My Salutations also goes to Mr Kaoma Kambani my workmate supervisor, for encouraging me to take up an online MBA study and gave me time to carry out my school research work. Instead of been my boss, you have been more than a friend and a brother. May Jehovah God continue blessing you and using you in helping other people?

Abstract Railway infrastructure is a crucial component of economic growth, facilitating the efficient movement of goods and people. The railway system in Zambia, managed by the Tanzania Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA), has played a significant role in trade and revenue generation since its inception in 1975. However, the infrastructure has faced numerous challenges in recent years that have negatively impacted its efficiency, effectiveness, and capacity to contribute positively to economic growth. This research aims to investigate the role of railway infrastructure in promoting economic growth in Zambia, specifically through a case study of the TAZARA railway. The research objectives include the construction of loading and offloading bays at all rail stations, the introduction of a high-speed train system, utilization of modern train engines, and rail track maintenance. The study explores the challenges facing the TAZARA railway line and how the objectives can address these challenges to contribute positively to Zambia's economic growth. . KEYWORD Cargo: Refers to products that are moved from one place to another through different modes of transportation, such as land, water, and air. Freight Carriers: An individual or business who handles the cargo directly and specializes in shipping Port: A location where ships can go safely through storms Railroad Transportation: A long-distance route with a set of rails erected on the roadbed fastened to ties and used as a track for equipment or vehicles driven by locomotives or propelled by independent motors. Reconstruction:Replacement of existing facility Renovation: To make better than before, as by cleaning, mending, or rebuilding Respondent: A person who responds to a question about information Human Capital: These are skills, knowledge, and experience and individual or population can have, and can be viewed as valuable and cost to the Nation or company Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background Zambia is a landlocked country that depends on air, rail, and road transportation for both domestic and international trade (African Development Fund Report, 2017). The transportation sector plays a significant role in the economic growth of any country. In Zambia, the railway system has been a key player in the transportation of goods and people for many years. However, due to lack of investment and maintenance, the railway system has faced numerous challenges leading to inefficiencies and reduced productivity (Zambia Railway Limited Strategic Business Plan, 2021-2025). Zambia has two rail transportation companies, that is, Tanzania-Zambia Railway Transport and Zambia Railway Transport (Mulenga, C. C., & Lusaya, Z., 2019). Modernization of rail infrastructure can be a source of growing the country's economy as it will enable large amount of goods delivered into and out of the country timely, prolong the lifespan of roads by reducing heavy traffic carrying heavy merchandise on the roads, and preserving loss of human capital through road traffic accidents. The Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA) was established in 1975 as a joint venture between Tanzania and Zambia. The railway line runs from Dar es Salaam in Tanzania to Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia, covering a distance of 1,860 km. The railway line is an essential mode of transportation for goods such as copper, maize etc. and people in both countries. The railway line has since become a vital transportation link between the two countries, facilitating trade and commerce. The Tanzania-Zambia Railway line is one of the most important rail links in Zambia, connecting it to Dar es Salaam port in Tanzania (Mulenga, C. C., & Lusaya, Z., 2019). However, TAZARA is facing a number of Challenges which include inadequate funding for maintenance and upgrading of railway infrastructure. This has resulted in the deterioration of some railway lines, leading to reduced efficiency and increased costs. This article seeks to explore the impacts of rail infrastructure improvement on Zambia's economy, with a focus on the Tanzania-Zambia railway line. Specifically, we will examine the effects of loading and offloading bay construction on transportation of bulk and heavy goods, evaluate how introducing speed trains can impact national economic growth, and determine how acquisition of latest train engines and regular maintenance of rail tracks can contribute to national economic growth. 1.1 Problem Statement Transportation infrastructure is a crucial aspect of any economy, as it plays a significant role in the movement of goods and services. In Zambia, the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA) is a vital transportation link that connects Zambia to the Tanzanian port of Dar es Salaam (www.tazarasite.com/.). However, the rail infrastructure has been in a state of disrepair for many years, leading to inefficiencies and delays in the transportation of goods (African Development Bank Group. (2018). The TAZARA railway line has been facing numerous challenges that have negatively impacted its efficiency. The railway line has been plagued by poor infrastructure, inadequate maintenance, and insufficient investment (African Development Bank Group, 2018). The Current State of TAZARA Rail Infrastructure: The TAZARA rail infrastructure has been in operation since 1976 and has undergone minimal upgrades since then. The rail line covers a distance of 1,860 km, with 1,100 km in Tanzania and 760 km in Zambia. The rail line has been plagued by inefficiencies, including slow speeds, derailments, loading and offloading difficulties, and limited carrying capacity. These inefficiencies have resulted in delays in the transportation of goods, leading to increased costs for businesses and consumers (International Trade Centre, 2021). These challenges have resulted in increased transportation costs, reduced efficiency, and decreased competitiveness. The poor state of the railway line has also led to a decline in the volume of goods transported, which has had a negative impact on Zambia's economy (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2019). Currently Tanzania-Zambia Railway (TAZARA) has not been operating normally as a result of various challenges the company is facing as outlined below.

• Currently, TAZARA rail stations such as Kapiri-mposhi, Mpika and Nakonde lack standard loading and offloading bays where trucks can come and pick the bulk heavy cargos that need to be transported.
• The train engines are old and outdated, making it difficult to find spare parts for repair. Even when the train is available, few people uses it due to its slow speed and high frequency breakdowns hence making it unreliable for business.
• Some of the bridges, rail lines and sleepers have not been replaced from inception of its installation which affect the speed at which the train should move.
• The rail stations buildings have greatly dilapidated with poor sanitary facilities, poor waiting spaces, and lack of bed spaces and entertainment rooms for travellers when waiting for the train.

1.2.0 Purpose of the Study

1. To ascertain how Rail Infrastructure improvement may impact Zambias economy

1.2.1 Specific objectives

1. To determine the effects of loading and offloading bay construction on transportation of bulk and heavy goods.
2. To evaluate the impact that introducing speed train can have on the national economy.
3. To determine how acquisition of latest train engines and regular maintenance of rail tracks can impact national economic growth.

Table 1.0: objectives and Research Question

Objective No_	Objective	Research questions
1.	To determine the effects of rail loading and offloading bay construction on transportation of bulk and heavy goods.	How can the construction of rail loading and offloading bays improve transportation efficiency for bulk and heavy goods?
How do rail loading and offloading bay constructions affect safety measures during transportation of bulk and heavy goods?
What are the economic benefits of constructing loading and offloading bays for transporting heavy goods by rail?
2.	To evaluate the impact that introducing speed train can have on the national economy.	What are the economic benefits of introducing speed trains in TAZARA?
What are the potential environmental impacts of introducing speed trains in TAZARA?
How will the introduction of speed trains affect the transportation costs and efficiency of TAZARA?
3.	To determine how acquisition of latest train engines and regular maintenance of rail tracks can impact national economic growth.	What is the correlation between the acquisition of new train engines and increased productivity in industries that rely on rail transportation?
What is the impact of regular maintenance of rail tracks on economic growth?
What are the economic benefits of investing in modern technology for railway transportation, such as automated systems or high-speed trains?

1.2.3 Research Hypothesis Improvement of TAZARA rail infrastructure can increase trade between Zambia and Tanzania, including other neighbouring countries, and further boosting Zambia's economy. Chapter 2 Literature Review

1. Loading and Offloading Bay Construction for Rail Transportation of bulk and heavy goods.

The transportation of bulk and heavy goods is a crucial aspect of any country's economy. In Zambia, the railway system plays a significant role in the transportation of such heavy cargos. However, the lack of proper loading and offloading bays may be the hindrance to efficient transportation. This problem can be solved through the construction of loading and offloading bays along the Tanzania-Zambia railway line stations. This literature review aims to explore the effects of loading and offloading bay construction on the transportation of bulk and heavy goods. The review will examine the Standards for Rail Loading and Offloading Bays and impact of loading and offloading bay design, location, and accessibility on transportation efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness.

1. Standards for Rail Loading and Offloading Bays.

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set specific standards for rail loading and offloading bays (https://www.osha.gov/loading-and-unloading). According to OSHA, the loading and unloading of railcars must be performed on tracks that are designated for that purpose. The tracks must be level, equipped with wheel stops, and have adequate drainage to prevent standing water. Additionally, the tracks must be inspected regularly to ensure they are in good condition. The American Association of Railroads (AAR) has also set standards for rail loading and offloading bays (https://www.aar.org/standards-recommended-practices). AAR's standards focus on the design and construction of loading and unloading facilities. The standards cover various aspects such as track design, clearance requirements, loading dock design, and safety equipment. AAR's standards aim to ensure that loading and unloading facilities are safe, efficient, and meet the needs of rail carriers.

1. Best Practices for Rail Loading and Offloading Bays

Apart from the standards set by OSHA and AAR, there are several best practices that can be followed to ensure quality rail loading and offloading bays. One best practice is to have a designated area for loading and unloading activities. This area should be clearly marked and separated from other areas of the facility to prevent accidents. Another best practice is to provide adequate lighting in the loading and unloading area (https://www.osha.gov/loading-and-unloading). Good lighting helps workers to see clearly and avoid accidents. Additionally, it is essential to provide proper training to workers who operate in the loading and unloading area. Workers should be trained on how to use safety equipment such as wheel chocks, safety harnesses, and fall protection equipment.

1. Design of Loading and Offloading Bays

The designing of loading and offloading bays plays a significant role in the transportation process. The size, shape, and layout of the bays affect the efficiency of loading and unloading operations. A well-designed bay can reduce loading and unloading time, which can increase transportation efficiency. Additionally, a well-designed bay can minimize the risk of accidents during loading and unloading operations. According to a study by Kamaruddin et al. (2019), the design of loading and offloading bays should consider factors such as the type of goods being transported, the size of the vehicles, and the equipment used for loading and unloading. The study recommends that bays should be designed with adequate space for maneuvering vehicles and equipment, as well as sufficient lighting for safety purposes.

1. Location of Loading and Offloading Bay

The location of loading and offloading bays is another critical factor in transportation efficiency. Bays should be located in areas that are easily accessible to vehicles transporting bulk and heavy goods. The location should also consider factors such as traffic flow, rail and road conditions, strength and proximity to the final destination. A study by Mokhtar et al. (2018) found that the location of loading and offloading bays affects transportation costs significantly. The study recommends that bays should be located in areas with minimal traffic congestion to reduce transportation time and costs.

1. Accessibility of Loading and Offloading Bays

The accessibility of loading and offloading bays is essential for efficient transportation. Bays should be easily accessible to vehicles transporting bulk and heavy goods. Accessibility can be affected by factors such as road conditions, traffic flow, and the design of the bay. A study by Al-Harthy et al. (2017) found that the accessibility of loading and offloading bays affects transportation efficiency significantly. The study recommends that bays should be designed with easy access for vehicles and equipment used for loading and unloading.

1. Impact on Transportation Efficiency

The construction of loading and offloading bays has a significant impact on transportation efficiency. Well-designed bays located in easily accessible areas can reduce transportation time, increase efficiency, and minimize the risk of accidents during loading and unloading operations. A study by Al-Mansoori et al. (2018) found that the construction of loading and offloading bays improved transportation efficiency significantly. The study recommends that companies invest in the construction of well-designed bays to improve transportation efficiency.

1. Impact on Transportation Safety

Loading and unloading operations can be hazardous, especially when dealing with bulk and heavy goods. The construction of loading and offloading bays can minimize the risk of accidents during these operations. A study by Al-Abri et al. (2019) found that the construction of loading and offloading bays improved transportation safety significantly. The study recommends that companies invest in the construction of well-designed bays to minimize the risk of accidents during loading and unloading operations.

1. Impact on Transportation Cost-effectiveness

The construction of loading and offloading bays can affect transportation cost-effectiveness significantly. Well-designed bays located in easily accessible areas can reduce transportation time and costs. A study by Al-Khaldi et al. (2017) found that the construction of loading and offloading bays improved transportation cost-effectiveness significantly. The study recommends that companies invest in the construction of well-designed bays to reduce transportation costs. In this regard, the construction of loading and offloading bays is a crucial factor in the transportation of bulk and heavy goods. The design, location, and accessibility of bays affect transportation efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness significantly. Companies should invest in the construction of well-designed bays located in easily accessible areas to improve transportation efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness. In addition, the construction of loading and offloading bays along the Tanzania-Zambia railway line is a necessary step towards improving Zambia's economy. It will not only increase efficiency in transportation but also create job opportunities for locals.

1. The construction of loading and offloading bay at TAZARA Stations can boost trade.

The lack of loading and offloading bays at TAZARA stations has been a significant challenge for traders, leading to delays and losses. In this literature review we aims to explore how the construction of loading and offloading bays can boost trade at TAZARA stations

1. The Importance of Loading and Offloading Bays

Loading and offloading bays are essential components of any railway station. They provide a designated area for goods to be loaded and unloaded from trains, making the process more efficient and safe (Mwakatobe et al., 2020). Without loading and offloading bays, Mwakatobe et al. (2020) highlighted that goods have to be loaded and unloaded directly from the train, which can be time-consuming and dangerous. Loading and offloading bays also provide a secure area for goods to be stored temporarily before they are transported to their final destination.

1. The Challenges of Trading at TAZARA Stations

Lack of loading and offloading bays at TAZARA stations has been a significant challenge for traders. Without designated areas for loading and unloading goods, traders have to rely on makeshift arrangements, which can be time-consuming and inefficient. This has led to delays in the transportation of goods, resulting in business losses for traders. (South African Railways, 2018). Several case studies have shown the benefits of constructing loading and offloading bays at railway stations. In India, the construction of loading and offloading bays at railway stations led to a significant increase in the volume of goods transported by rail (India Railways, 2019). Similarly, in South Africa, the construction of loading and offloading bays at railway stations led to a reduction in delays and business losses for traders by 60 % (South African Railways, 2018).

1. Impact of Constructing Loading and Offloading Bays at TAZARA Stations has on Trade

The construction of loading and offloading bays at TAZARA stations has the potential to boost trade in Tanzania and Zambia. According to a study by Kweka et al. (2019), the construction of loading and offloading bays at TAZARA stations would reduce the time it takes to load and offload goods, resulting in faster transportation of goods. Faster transportation of goods would reduce the costs associated with delays, resulting in lower prices for consumers. Additionally, the construction of loading and offloading bays would also reduce congestion at TAZARA stations, resulting in faster turnaround times for trains (Kweka et al., 2019). Case Study: The Impact of Loading and Offloading Bays on Trade at Tunduma Station: Tunduma station is one of the busiest stations on the TAZARA railway line. In 2018, the construction of loading and offloading bays was completed at Tunduma station. The construction of these facilities has had a significant impact on trade at the station. According to a study by Mwakatobe et al. (2020), the construction of loading and offloading bays at Tunduma station has reduced the time it takes to load and offload goods by 50%. Additionally, the construction of these facilities has also reduced congestion at the station, resulting in faster turnaround times for trains (Mwakatobe et al., 2020)

1. Introduction of Speed Train on the National Economy

The introduction of high-speed trains has been a topic of discussion for many countries around the world. The potential benefits of high-speed trains include reduced travel time, increased connectivity, and improved economic growth. However, the implementation of high-speed trains also involves significant financial investments and infrastructure development. This study aims to explore the impacts that introducing high-speed trains can have on the national economy, with a focus on case studies from different countries.

1. Case Study 1: Japan Speed Train.

Japan is one of the pioneers in high-speed train technology, with its Shinkansen bullet train network being operational since 1964. The introduction of the Shinkansen had a significant impact on the Japanese economy, with increased connectivity leading to improved economic growth (JITI, 2014). According to a study by the Japan International Transport Institute (JITI), the Shinkansen contributed to a 0.3% increase in Japan's GDP between 2008 and 2012 (JITI, 2014). The study also found that the Shinkansen created approximately 160,000 jobs in the same period.

1. Case Study 2: France Speed Train

France is another country that has invested heavily in high-speed train technology, with its TGV (Train Grande Vitesse) network being operational since 1981. The TGV has had a significant impact on France's economy, with improved connectivity leading to increased tourism and business opportunities. According to a study by the French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy (MEDDE), the TGV contributed to a 1.5 billion increase in France's GDP in 2012 (MEDDE, 2014). The study also found that the TGV created approximately 20,000 jobs in the same year.

1. Case Study 3: China Speed Train

China is currently investing heavily in high-speed train technology, with its network being the largest in the world. According to World Bank (2016), the introduction of high-speed trains in China has had a significant impact on the country's economy, with improved connectivity leading to increased trade and tourism. According to a study by the World Bank, the introduction of high-speed trains in China contributed to a 1.7% increase in the country's GDP between 2000 and 2014 (World Bank, 2016). The study also found that the high-speed train network created approximately 2.5 million jobs in the same period.

1. Case Study 4: Spain Speed Train.

Spain is another country that has invested heavily in high-speed train technology, with its AVE (Alta Velocidad Espaola) network being operational since 1992(MITMA, 2020). The AVE has had a significant impact on Spain's economy, with improved connectivity leading to increased tourism and business opportunities. According to a study by the Spanish Ministry of Public Works and Transport, the AVE contributed to a 3.2 billion increase in Spain's GDP in 2019 (MITMA, 2020). The study also found that the AVE created approximately 50,000 jobs in the same year.

1. Case Study 5: United Kingdom Speed Train.

The United Kingdom is currently investing in high-speed train technology, with its HS2 (High Speed 2) project currently under construction. The introduction of HS2 is expected to have a significant impact on the UK's economy, with improved connectivity leading to increased business opportunities and reduced travel time. According to a study by KPMG (2013), the introduction of HS2 is expected to contribute to a 15 billion increase in the UK's GDP (Gross Domestic Product) by 2037 (KPMG, 2013). The study also found that HS2 is expected to create approximately 100,000 jobs during the construction phase and 50,000 jobs during the operation phase. The case studies discussed in this literature review demonstrate that the introduction of high-speed trains can have a significant impact on the national economy. Improved connectivity leads to increased trade, tourism, and business opportunities, which in turn leads to improved economic growth. The case studies also demonstrate that the introduction of high-speed trains creates jobs, both during the construction phase and the operation phase. However, it is important to note that the implementation of high-speed trains involves significant financial investments and infrastructure development. Therefore, careful planning and evaluation are necessary to ensure that the benefits outweigh the costs. 4.1.1 Impact of Acquisition of Latest Train Engines and Regular Maintenance of Rail Tracks on National Economic Growth. Acquiring the latest train engines and regularly maintaining rail tracks can have a significant impact on TAZARA and Nationals Economy. This can result in increased productivity for businesses that rely on rail transportation, as well as improved access to goods and services for consumers. Regular maintenance of rail tracks is also crucial for ensuring safe and efficient transportation. Poorly maintained tracks can lead to accidents, delays, and increased costs. By investing in regular maintenance, countries like Zambia can improve the reliability of their rail infrastructure, which can attract more businesses to invest in the country. Overall, acquiring the latest train engines and regularly maintaining rail tracks are essential steps towards improving Zambia's economy through its railway system. These investments will not only benefit businesses but also improve the quality of life for citizens by providing better access to goods and services. 4.1.2 Effect of Utilizing Modern Train Engines and Regular Rail Tracks Maintenance on National Economic. National utilization of the latest train engines has been a topic of discussion in the transportation industry for quite some time. The advancements in technology have made it possible to develop more efficient and eco-friendly train engines that can help boost national economic growth. In this study, we will explore studies that highlight the impacts of utilizing modern train engines by rail organization, and effects of regular maintenance of rail tracks on National Economic Growth. 4.1.3 Case Study of Japan's Shinkansen Bullet Modern Train. Japan's Shinkansen Bullet Train is one of the most well-known examples of the organization utilizing the latest train engines. Japan International Transport Institute (2014) reviewed that Japan's Shinkansen Bullet Train has been in operation since 1964 and has helped transform Japan's economy. The train is known for its speed, efficiency, and safety. Shinkansen Bullet Train has reduced travel time between cities, making it easier for people to commute to work and travel for leisure. According to a study conducted by the Japan International Transport Institute, the Shinkansen Bullet Train has had a significant impact on Japan's economy tremendously (Japan International Transport Institute, 2014). The study found that the train has contributed to the growth of industries such as tourism, real estate, and retail. The train has also helped reduce traffic congestion on highways, which has led to a reduction in carbon emissions and accidents (Japan International Transport Institute, 2014). 4.1.4 Case Study of China's High-Speed Rail Network China's high-speed rail network is another example were replacement of old train engines with modern ones has paid off and contributed massively to the Nation economy of the country. The rail network spans over 22,000 miles and connects major cities across the country. According to World Bank Report (2014), the trains are known for their speed and efficiency, with some trains reaching speeds of up to 217 mph. A study conducted by the World Bank found that China's high-speed rail network has had a positive impact on the country's economy. The study found that the network has helped reduce travel time between cities, making it easier for people to commute to work and travel for leisure. The network has also helped boost the tourism industry, as more people are able to travel to different parts of the country (World Bank, 2014). 4.1.5 Case Study of Germany's ICE Modern Train Germany's ICE train is another example of the Nation utilizing latest train engines. The train is known for its speed, efficiency, and comfort. According to German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure (2016), the organization usage of latest train engines has reduced travel time between cities, making it easier for people to commute to work and travel for leisure. A study conducted by the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure reviewed that the ICE train has had a positive impact on Germany's economy (German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, 2016). The study found that the train has helped reduce traffic congestion on highways, which has led to a reduction in carbon emissions. The train has also helped boost the tourism industry, as more people are able to travel to different parts of the country. 4.1.6 Case Study of France's TGV Modern Train. France's TGV train is another example of the Nation using modern Train engines. The train is known for its speed, efficiency, and comfort (French National Railways, 2018). France's TGV Train has reduced travel time between cities, making it easier for people to commute to work and travel for leisure. A study conducted by the French National Railways found that the TGV train has had a positive impact on France's economy. The study found that the train has helped reduce traffic congestion on highways, which has led to a reduction in carbon emissions. The train has also helped boost the tourism industry, as more people are able to travel to different parts of the country (French National Railways, 2018). 4.1.7 Case Study of United States' Amtrak Acela Express Train. The United States' Amtrak Acela Express train is another example of the utilization of the latest train engines. The train is known for its speed and efficiency, with some trains reaching speeds of up to 150 mph (Amtrak, 2019). Amtrak Acela Express Train has reduced travel time between cities, making it easier for people to commute to work and travel for leisure. A study conducted by the Amtrak found that the Acela Express train has had a positive impact on the United States' economy (Amtrak. (2019). Further, the study found that the train has helped reduce traffic congestion on highways, which has led to a reduction in accidents and carbon emissions. The train has also helped boost the tourism industry, as more people are able to travel to different parts of the country with easy. 4.2.1 Effect of Regular Maintenance of Rail Tracks on National Economic Growth Rail transportation provides a cost-effective and efficient means of moving goods and people over long distances. However, the proper maintenance of rail tracks is critical to ensure the safety and reliability of the rail system. In this literature review, we will examine case studies on the regular maintenance of rail tracks and its impact on national economic growth. 4.2.2. Case Study of Japan on the Regular Maintenance of Rail Tracks. Japan has one of the most advanced rail systems in the world. The country has invested heavily in the maintenance of its rail tracks, which has resulted in a highly reliable and safe rail system (Japan Railway Technical Research Institute, 2016). According to a study conducted by the Japan Railway Technical Research Institute, regular maintenance of rail tracks has led to a reduction in accidents and delays, resulting in an estimated economic benefit of $2.5 billion per year (Japan Railway Technical Research Institute, 2016). 4.2.3. Case Study of Germany on the Regular Maintenance of Rail Tracks Germany has one of the most extensive rail networks in Europe, with over 41,000 kilometres of track. The country has invested heavily in the maintenance of its rail tracks, which has resulted in a highly reliable and safe rail system (German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, 2017). According to a study conducted by the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, regular maintenance of rail tracks has led to a reduction in accidents and delays, resulting in an estimated economic benefit of 1.5 billion per year (German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure, 2017) 4.2.4. Case Study of United States on the Regular Maintenance of Rail Tracks The United States has one of the largest rail networks in the world, with over 140,000 miles of track. However, the country has not invested as heavily in the maintenance of its rail tracks as other countries, resulting in a less reliable and safe rail system (Federal Railroad Administration, 2018). According to a study conducted by the Federal Railroad Administration, the lack of regular maintenance of rail tracks has led to an increase in accidents and delays, resulting in an estimated economic cost of $3.5 billion per year (Federal Railroad Administration, 2018). 4.2.5. Case Study of China on the Regular Maintenance of Rail Tracks China has one of the most extensive and rapidly expanding rail networks in the world. The country has invested heavily in the maintenance of its rail tracks, which has resulted in a highly reliable and safe rail system (China Academy of Railway Sciences, 2015). According to a study conducted by the China Academy of Railway Sciences, regular maintenance of rail tracks has led to a reduction in accidents and delays, resulting in an estimated economic benefit of 10 billion per year (China Academy of Railway Sciences, 2015. 4.2.6. Case Study of India on the Regular Maintenance of Rail Tracks India has one of the largest rail networks in the world, with over 67,000 kilometres of track. However, the country has not invested as heavily in the maintenance of its rail tracks as other countries, resulting in a less reliable and safe rail system (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, 2019). According to a study conducted by the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, the lack of regular maintenance of rail tracks has led to an increase in accidents and delays, resulting in an estimated economic cost of ?3.5 billion per year (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, 2019). 4.3.1. Current State of TAZARA Train Engines The Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA) is a crucial transportation system that connects Tanzania and Zambia. TAZARA has been operating with outdated train engines for many years, which has led to inefficiencies in the transportation system (World Bank, 2019. The old engines are prone to breakdowns, which results in delays and increased operational costs. Additionally, the old engines consume more fuel than modern engines, leading to higher fuel costs. According to a report by the World Bank (2019), TAZARA's train engines are over 30 years old and have outlived their useful life. The report recommends that TAZARA should invest in new train engines to improve efficiency and reduce operational costs. 4.3.2. Impact of Utilizing Modern Train Engines on Operational Costs by TAZARA. The upgrading to the modern train engines can significantly reduce operational costs for TAZARA. Modern train engines are designed to be more fuel-efficient than older models, which can lead to substantial savings on fuel costs (World Bank, 2019). Additionally, modern train engines require less maintenance than older models, reducing maintenance costs. According to a study by the International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (2018), upgrading to modern train engines can reduce operational costs by up to 30%. 4.3.3. Impact of Using Modern Train Engines on Transportation Efficiency by TAZARA. Utilizing the latest train engines can improve transportation efficiency for TAZARA. Modern train engines are designed to be faster and more reliable than older models, reducing transportation time and improving reliability. Additionally, modern train engines can carry more cargo than older models, increasing the transportation capacity of TAZARA. According to a report by the African Development Bank (2019), upgrading to modern train engines can increase transportation efficiency by up to 50%. 4.3.4. Impact of Utilizing Latest Train Engines on Environmental Sustainability Upgrading to the latest train engines can also have a positive impact on environmental sustainability. Modern train engines are designed to be more fuel-efficient and emit fewer pollutants than older models, reducing TAZARA's carbon footprint. Additionally, modern train engines are quieter than older models, reducing noise pollution. According to a study by the International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (2019), upgrading to modern train engines can reduce carbon emissions by up to 40%. 4.3.5. Impact of Utilizing Latest Train Engines on Trade Facilitation TAZARA plays a crucial role in facilitating trade between Tanzania and Zambia. Upgrading to the latest train engines can improve trade facilitation by reducing transportation time and increasing transportation capacity. This can lead to increased trade between the two countries and improved economic growth (World Bank, 2019). According to a report by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2018), improving transportation infrastructure, including upgrading train engines, can lead to increased trade and national economic growth. 4.3.6. Impact of Utilizing Modern Train Engines on Employment Opportunities. Upgrading to the modern train engines can also create employment opportunities for local communities. The installation and maintenance of modern train engines require skilled labor, which can provide job opportunities for local communities (World Bank, 2019). Additionally, improved transportation efficiency can lead to increased economic activity, creating more job opportunities. According to a report by the International Labour Organization (2019), investing in transportation infrastructure can create job opportunities and improve economic growth. In this regard, Railway infrastructure is a crucial component of economic growth in many countries, particularly in developing countries. Researchers have consistently reported the positive relationship between transportation infrastructure and economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction (Eyo & Udoye, 2015; Ogbuozobe & Ofong, 2019; Tumba, 2015). The introduction of modern technologies such as high-speed trains and efficient rail track maintenance enhances rail transport efficiency, which is critical for economic growth (Aminu-Isah & Musa, 2019). Furthermore, the construction of loading and offloading bays enhances rail transport capacity, thereby reducing transportation costs and leading to economic growth. The challenges facing the railway sector in developing countries result from limited technological advancements, outdated infrastructure, low-quality control management, and limited investment in maintenance (Kojo & Agyekum-Mensah, 2019). It is essential to invest in railway infrastructure to enable it to meet the current and future transportation demands of a growing economy. Data from various countries show that investment in rail transportation is positively associated with economic growth. For instance, India's railway transportation construction project, the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) project, has led to increased economic growth, job creation, and income for the region (Kumar et al., 2012). Similarly, the implementation of the East African Railway Master Plan (EARMP) in East Africa has the potential to enhance the region's economic growth (Bampangana et al., 2018). In contrast, the lack of investment in railway infrastructure in many African countries, including Zambia, has resulted in low efficiency, low capacity, high transportation costs, and low-quality service delivery. Reference

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