Prompt

Please answer the following question(s). it is okay to respond to more than one question.

• In what ways does race become the modality in which class is lived?
• How does race inform the meaning of spaces and places?
• How have Native Americans resisted violence inflicted on their land and community?

Instructions

• Answer the question/prompt.
• Formulate a coherent thought(s) to write the response.
• Provide a clear argument
• IMPORTANT: Provide evidence from the course material to support the argument (Material is attached at the bottom).

Race and labor Lecture Race, space, and health Topics Native American Genocide. Native Americans could not . Testify in court . file suit in American court until 1872 . Run for public office Native . vote American . Native Americans . Could be declared vagrant upon the petition of Genocide a white person-> mass incarceration . Children could be kidnap under the "indenture apprentices" system established . Could be shot dead for any minor infraction "such as speaking out turn, getting in the way, or demanding payment of wage" (Carey Mcwilliams, Southern California, 43)Native American Genocide Ghost Dance, a form of resistance - Promise to restore the Indigenous world, making invaders disappear; buffalo return Wear specific shirt protest from gunfire - A treat to white settler colonialism Brought fear to white settlers - Form of resistance for Native Americans Native American Genocide Indigenous armed resistance-> . The Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1876 near Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory . Federal troops against Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne, over the gold. . U.S. Army Military George Custer lost the battle, fought in the Civil War . Refugees confined to reservations . Crazy Horse, 1877 . Guerrilla warfare . Part of the Akicita, a traditional Sioux society that kept order in villages and during migrations . Fought to prevent American encroachment on Lakota lands URETIXAXT CREMMOND MBIKTWO BIGELF TO CEFIX THE RETREAT- \"race is the modality in which class lives...\" (Stuart Hall) - Class is one's relationship to the political economy. - Two intact classes, Two class model - Bourgeois (own the means of production) - proletariat (don't own the means of production, forced to Race a nd sell labor) labor - Middle class disappears, either move up or down. Race is a social construct, socially imposed - power is embedded in race in the way that it creates situations that are discriminatory, violent, and deadly. - Race and Class shapes people's experience. 0 helps us see structural and cultural stratification in society solidarity across groups - Race informs the lived experience of people Race and Labor - The transition of California from a coercive paternalistic class relation to impersonal class relations of capitalism. - Racial status -) assigned social position in society. ' White: free labor own land, skilled, semiskilled position - Black: unfree |abor-) denied to sell their labor - Native: not a good source of labor -) denied industrial jobs - Racialization of racial categories privileged access - Civilized vs. half-civilized vs. savages - Christianity vs. heathenism Race and labor Cultural Images History Values Beliefs Cultural Racism: Institutional Structural Publi values and Practices Racism: Policie beliefs that system that Narratives maintain a racial Unconscious creates and Cultural Racism -> ideas, beliefs of hierarchy Ideas reinforces racial superiority, one group of people inequities better than the other group. Stereotypes Conscious Political Legal Ideas Symptoms Norms Structural Racism -> use of laws, [Settler] Colonialism / Anti-Indigenous Racism / Anti Black Racism / Orientalism policies that targeted, excluded White Supremacy people. Racialized Inequities Adapted with permission from the from the National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of I Goal: settle a homogeneous white society.Race, space, and health . Racial treatment of nonwhite communities led to the racialization of the spaces where they lived. . In Los Angeles, the role public health officials contributed to the racialization of space where Chinese, Japanese, and Mexicans lived and labeled the area where they lived as "rotten spots" . "Health Official not only incorporated their racially charged visions into polices and ordinances that targeted ethnic communities but also helped shape the ways mainstream populations perceived ethnic peoples." (Natalia Molina, Fit To Be Citizens?, 3) . Perception of immigrants threaten the health of the nation FIT TO BE CITIZENS? . Using language, public discourse-> shaped racial categories and attached meaning to categories PUBLIC HEALTH AND RACE IN LOS ANGELES, 1879-1839 . Produced racial difference. . Racial Order MATALIA MOLINARace, space, and health COUNTY JAIL . Anti-Chinese sentiment in Los Angeles . Increased laundry taxes fivefold from $5 to $25 p/month Raised the tax on vegetable peddlers from $3 to $20 p/month . Racial stigmas: marked as carriers of dirt & diseases . The Cubic Air Ordinance, 1870 . Required at least 500 cubic feet of space per person in their living quarters, only enforced in Chinese communities . Residence District Ordinance, 1908 . Restricted where Chinese people could live and do business . Chinatown-> dirty, disease-filled, and immoral . The Chinese Six Companies . Advocated for the Chinese community.THE JAPANESE EVIL IN CALIFORNIA Race, space, and health BY JAMES D. PHELAN UNITED STATES SENATOR FOR CALIFORNIA THE farming communities of California are organizing to suppress the Japanese evil. The State is practically of one mind on the subject, and because it is a California prob- lem, California is entitled to speak with authority. Of course, it is only a matter of time when the Japanese will . Rise of Mexicans and Japanese populations, public spread eastward, but that will not be until California has been exhausted. The soil and climate of the Pacific Coast health department shaped the experience of new are very attractive to the Japanese, and the remuneration immigrants. for labor is high. They will not voluntarily emigrate from Japan to Manchuria, nor to the Philippines. When Amer- . Chinese racialized as other-> ica is closed to them, they will necessarily have to spread in Asiatic territory, and that is where they belong. They belong there, because they are non-assimilable here. They . ASIAN= OTHER= Japanese community compose a permanently foreign element, and precipitate . Reify yellow peril discourse a race question far more serious than that in the South. Why " more serious "? Because they are a masterful peo- . High birth rates=> racial threat ple, of great industry and ingenuity. They have no dispo- sition in California to work for wages, but seek control of . Body type good for agricultural work the soil by purchase, leasehold or a share of the crops, and, under these circumstances, become impossible competitors. . Japanese live in unsanitary conditions, farmer They know no rest and respect no standards. In other words, the white man is driven from the soil, and that is workers spread disease. the particular point which I desire to impress at this time upon the people of the East. . Typhoid fever-> type of produce farmed, berries and celery, ideal carriers, consumed raw.Native American Genocide . Layers of violence-> Spain, Mexico, and the United States California . Alta California (1756-63)-> Mission System (1769-1834)-> HISS ONE Indian-forced labor . Chumash Indians, involved in the establishment of 5 missions SIERRA NEVADA . San Buenaventura, Santa Barbara, Santa Ynez, La Purisima Conception, and San Luis Obispo 11770 RANGE . Mexico (1821-1848) San Miguel . rancho economy Ban Lift . Reduced to workers EI Cartre Fell . United States (1848-present) La Mean . labor as domestic workers, farm workers . Native Americans served as a buffer between Anglos and Mexicans.Race, space, and health Mexicans also spread disease, 1910s . Viewed as ignorant and should be educated in basics of health and hygiene Typhus disease attached to Mexican population Marked and targeted all areas where Mexicans lived as location in need of inspection . Enforced personal hygiene but did not improve living conditions. . Caption: "Typical row of dark and filthy Mexican dwellings in a southern CALIFORNIA COUNTY." . Protest: formal letter of complaint . systemic inequality, not cultural habit . "The Mexican race is not different from the American race and one should not think that disease takes hold in only our bodies. We are all human and they should not apply this procedure only to Mexicans."