. Property stars (Pty) Ltd has four shareholders, Sam, Sim, Jack and Tony. Sam, Sim and Jack are currently in France for a long vacation with their families. Consequently, they are not able to attend an urgent meeting of shareholders. The company does not have electronic communication media to hold the meeting and the shareholders are not keen to appoint proxies to represent them in the meeting. However, Sam, Sim and Jack have access to their emails as they travelled with their laptops for emergencies relating to the company. Tony seeks advice on the option that is available to ensure that resolutions can be adopted while other shareholders are on vacation.With reference to the Companies Act 71 of 2008, fully advise Tony on the option that is available to the company for the resolutions to be adopted while other shareholders are on vacation. Further advise Tony on the exception that is applicable to the option.

Suppose the Memorandum of Incorporation ('MOI') of Property Stars (Pty) Ltd provides that shareholders may appoint proxies who are only shareholders of the company and that proxy appointments may be made verbally. With reference to the Companies Act 71 of 2008, advise Tony whether the provision relating to the appointment of a proxy in the MOI is valid.

Goot Ltd holds 51% of the voting rights in Geet Ltd. Geet Ltd holds 34% of the voting rights at Giit Ltd. Goot Ltd also holds 52% of the voting rights in Leet Ltd. Leet Ltd holds 17% of the voting rights in Giit Ltd. The employees of Giit Ltd seek advice on the relationship between the companies. With reference to the Companies Act 71 of 2008, advise the employees of Giit Ltd on the following matters. 1.1 Explain to the employees of Giit Ltd what a group of companies is and whether the facts provided relate to a group of companies. (5) 1.2 Explain to the employees of Giit Ltd whether Giit Ltd is a subsidiary of Goot Ltd. (5) 1.3 Explain to the employees of Giit Ltd about the consequences of the relationship between Goot Ltd and Giit Ltd. (5) 1.4 Is Giit Ltd a wholly-owned subsidiary of Goot Ltd?