Psychology Personality Self-efficacy Personal control Optimistic bias Social support Stress Coping skills Diet Risky behaviors Adherence to medical advice Biology Genetics Physiology Gender Age Vulnerability to stress Immune system Nutrition Medications Sociology Poverty Ethnic background Cultural beliefs Racism Living with chronic illness Outcomes Health Disease FIGURE 1.4 The biopsychosocial model: Biological, psychological, and sociological factors interact to produce health or disease.