Put the answers and explanations in the right context

1. What kind of science has played the largest role in the development of medicine since 1750? Why?

2. "Historians of modern medicine and life sciences have focused too much on hospitals and laboratories and too little on textbooks and newspapers." Assess this claim.

3. Discuss the significance of international networks to the history of medicine and the life sciences since 1800.

4. Were nineteenth-century medical practitioners "quintessentially modern heroes"?

5. Some historians have described cholera as the "emblematic disease of the nineteenth century"? Do you agree.

6. Why was it so difficult for radiographs to become the standard means of diagnosing various medical conditions, despite the relative ease with which Roentgen's discovery of x-rays could be replicated?

7. Account for the incorporation of laboratory technologies into clinical medicine in the decades around 1900.

8. "Inevitably, as I see it, we can look forward to something like a penicillin for cancer, and I hope within the next decade" (Cornelius Rhoads, 1953). Contextualize this claim.

9. What difference did activism make to medical science between the 1960s and the 1980s?

10. Are medical technologies gendered? Discuss in relation to the obstetric forceps and the oral contraceptive pill.

11. How did efforts to define racial difference affect medical practice in British colonies in the nineteenth century?

12. How does the history of sickle-cell anaemia reflect broader transformations in the relationship between race and medicine over the course of the twentieth century?

13. Explain the difference between vertical and horizontal approaches to international health, using historical examples.

14. Evelyn Fox Keller maintains that the twentieth century was the "century of the gene". Do you agree?

15. What role have natural history museums played in the development of modern biology?