Q Figure shows hydraulic characteristics of circular pipe flowing partly full (including for the effects of n varying with depth). Construct similar curves for (a) square channel section (b) an equilateral triangle with one side as the channel bottom.

n/nfull 1.2 1.4 1.0 Manning's n/nfull 0.8 0.6 Qfull V 0.4 Vjull 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 Q/Qfull and V/Vull depth of water in pipe diameter of pipe Ratio of