Q. which of the following will not cause a decrease in the value of a European call option position on XYZ stock?

a. XYZ declares a 3-for-1 stock split.

b. XYZ raises its quarterly dividend from $0.15 per share to $0.17 per share.

c. The federal Reserve lowers interest rates by 0.25% to simulate the economy.

d. Investors believe that the volatility of XYZ stock has declined.