Q1. Read the attached Case study 1 then answer the questions at the end (a-e)

the citation has to include the web link and date retrieved.

Q2. Read the questions on IFRS1 then answer using the M&S Financial Statements. Use the statements for the year ended a.

86 MARKS AND SPENCER GROUP PLC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT 52 weeks ended 28 March 2015 53 weeks ended 2 April 2016 Revenue Operating prot Finance income Finance costs Prot before tax Income tax expense Prot for the year Notes Underlying m Non-underlying m Total m Underlying m Non-underlying m Total m 2, 3 10,555.4 - 10,555.4 10,311.4 - 10,311.4 2, 3, 5 784.9 584.1 762.5 (61.2) 701.3 21.1 (116.4) 15.5 (116.8) - - 15.5 (116.8) 6 6 21.1 (116.4) 4, 5 7 689.6 (118.8) 570.8 (200.8) 34.4 (166.4) 488.8 (84.4) 404.4 661.2 (124.8) 536.4 (61.2) 6.5 (54.7) 600.0 (118.3) 481.7 573.3 (2.5) 570.8 (166.4) - (166.4) 406.9 (2.5) 404.4 541.2 (4.8) 536.4 (54.7) - (54.7) 486.5 (4.8) 481.7 24.9p 24.8p 33.1p 32.9p Attributable to: Owners of the parent Non-controlling interests Basic earnings per share Diluted earnings per share (200.8) 8 8 35.0p 34.9p - - 29.7p 29.5p CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME Notes Prot for the year Other comprehensive income: Items that will not be reclassied to prot or loss Remeasurements of retirement benet schemes Tax charge on items that will not be reclassied Items that will be reclassied subsequently to prot or loss Foreign currency translation differences Cash ow hedges and net investment hedges - fair value movements recognised in other comprehensive income - reclassied and reported in prot or loss - amount recognised in inventories Tax credit/(charge) on cash ow hedges and net investment hedges Other comprehensive income for the year, net of tax Total comprehensive income for the year Attributable to: Owners of the parent Non-controlling interests 11 53 weeks ended 2 April 2016 m 52 weeks ended 28 March 2015 m 404.4 481.7 346.2 (45.6) 300.6 193.7 (40.2) 153.5 7.3 (7.5) (30.1) (22.1) 5.9 6.5 (32.5) 268.1 672.5 221.2 (60.0) (21.6) (21.2) 110.9 264.4 746.1 675.0 (2.5) 672.5 750.9 (4.8) 746.1 87 ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2016 858.2 5,031.1 15.6 12.2 3.0 460.7 283.3 75.8 - 7,015.0 1.2 6,741.1 799.9 19.1 321.1 72.1 1.6 247.6 1,461.4 8,476.4 797.8 11.6 321.8 117.9 - 205.9 1,455.0 8,196.1 19 12 20 21 22 1,617.7 71.9 297.5 28.5 14.0 75.2 2,104.8 1,642.4 71.9 279.4 7.7 46.2 64.0 2,111.6 11 19 12 20 21 22 23 26.9 353.0 383.8 1,774.7 0.2 52.0 337.6 2,928.2 5,033.0 3,443.4 11.7 319.7 441.0 1,745.9 20.0 32.1 315.3 2,885.7 4,997.3 3,198.8 24 405.8 411.3 2,210.5 32.3 (6,542.2) 6,927.5 3,445.2 (1.8) 3,443.4 412.0 392.4 2,202.6 64.3 (6,542.2) 6,670.5 3,199.6 (0.8) 3,198.8 16 11 17 21 Deferred tax assets 23 Current assets Inventories Other nancial assets Trade and other receivables Derivative nancial instruments Current tax assets Cash and cash equivalents 16 17 21 Total assets Liabilities Current liabilities Trade and other payables Partnership liability to the Marks & Spencer UK Pension Scheme Borrowings and other nancial liabilities Derivative nancial instruments Provisions Current tax liabilities Non-current liabilities Retirement benet decit Trade and other payables Partnership liability to the Marks & Spencer UK Pension Scheme Borrowings and other nancial liabilities Derivative nancial instruments Provisions Deferred tax liabilities Total liabilities Net assets Equity Issued share capital Share premium account Capital redemption reserve Hedging reserve Other reserve Retained earnings Total shareholders' equity Non-controlling interests in equity Total equity 14 15 18 The nancial statements were approved by the Board and authorised for issue on 24 May 2016. The nancial statements also comprise the notes on pages 90 to 125. Steve Rowe Chief Executive Officer Helen Weir Chief Finance Officer OUR PERFORMANCE 802.8 5,027.1 15.5 6.9 3.0 851.0 234.7 74.0 Notes Assets Non-current assets Intangible assets Property, plant and equipment Investment property Investment in joint ventures Other nancial assets Retirement benet asset Trade and other receivables Derivative nancial instruments GOVERNANCE As at 28 March 2015 m FINANCIAL STATEMENTS As at 2 April 2016 m OUR BUSINESS CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION 88 MARKS AND SPENCER GROUP PLC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY Ordinary share capital m Share Capital premium redemption account reserve m m Hedging reserve m Other reserve m Total m 6,325.1 486.5 2,707.3 486.5 Noncontrolling interest m Total m As at 30 March 2014 Prot/(loss) for the year Other comprehensive (expense)/income: Foreign currency translation Remeasurements of retirement benet schemes Tax charge on items that will not be reclassied Cash ow hedges and net investment hedges - fair value movements recognised in other comprehensive income - reclassied and reported in prot or loss - amount recognised in inventories Tax on cash ow hedges and net investment hedges Other comprehensive income Total comprehensive income/(expense) Transactions with owners: Dividends Transactions with non-controlling shareholders Shares issued on exercise of employee share options Purchase of own shares held by employee trusts Release of share-based payments Deferred tax on share schemes As at 28 March 2015 408.1 - 355.5 - 2,202.6 - - - - (2.0) - (5.5) (7.5) - (7.5) - - - - - - - - - - 193.7 (40.2) 193.7 (40.2) - - 193.7 (40.2) - - - - - - - - - 210.9 (60.0) (21.6) - - - 10.3 - - 221.2 (60.0) (21.6) - - - 221.2 (60.0) (21.6) - - - - - - - - - (21.2) 106.1 106.1 - - - - 158.3 644.8 (21.2) 264.4 750.9 - - (4.8) (21.2) 264.4 746.1 - - - - - - - - - - (280.7) - (280.7) - - 4.6 (280.7) 4.6 3.9 36.9 - - - - 40.8 - 40.8 - - - 412.0 - - - 392.4 - - - 2,202.6 - - - 64.3 - - - (6,542.2) (24.2) (24.2) (1.1) (1.1) 6.6 6.6 6,670.5 3,199.6 - (24.2) - (1.1) - 6.6 (0.8) 3,198.8 As at 29 March 2015 Prot/(loss) for the year Other comprehensive (expense)/income: Foreign currency translation Remeasurements of retirement benet schemes Tax charge on items that will not be reclassied Cash ow hedges and net investment hedges - fair value movements recognised in other comprehensive income - reclassied and reported in prot or loss3 - amount recognised in inventories3 Tax on cash ow hedges and net investment hedges Other comprehensive income/(expense) Total comprehensive income/(expense) Transactions with owners: Dividends Transactions with non-controlling shareholders Shares issued on exercise of employee share options Purchase of own shares held by employee trusts Shares purchased in buyback Credit for share-based payments Deferred tax on share schemes As at 2 April 2016 412.0 - 392.4 - 2,202.6 - 64.3 (6,542.2) 6,670.5 3,199.6 - - 406.9 406.9 (0.8) 3,198.8 (2.5) 404.4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.7 18.9 - - - - - 411.3 - 7.9 - - 2,210.5 - (7.9) - - 405.8 (41.8) (6,542.2) - - Retained earnings m (0.5) - - - 7.8 7.3 (0.6) 2,706.7 (4.8) 481.7 - 7.3 - - 346.2 (45.6) 346.2 (45.6) - - 346.2 (45.6) (21.8) (22.1) 5.9 - - - (8.3) - - (30.1) (22.1) 5.9 - - - (30.1) (22.1) 5.9 6.5 (32.0) (32.0) - - - - 300.1 707.0 - - - - (301.7) (301.7) - - - - - 6.5 268.1 675.0 20.6 - - (10.9) (10.9) - - (150.7) (150.7) - - 17.2 17.2 - - (3.9) (3.9) 32.3 (6,542.2) 6,927.5 3,445.2 - - (2.5) 6.5 268.1 672.5 - 1.5 (301.7) 1.5 - 20.6 - (10.9) - (150.7) - 17.2 - (3.9) (1.8) 3,443.4 1. The 'Other reserve' was originally created as part of the capital restructuring that took place in 2002. It represents the difference between the nominal value of the shares issued prior to the capital reduction by the Company (being the carrying value of the investment in Marks and Spencer plc) and the share capital, share premium and capital redemption reserve of Marks and Spencer plc at the date of the transaction. 2. The 'Retained earnings reserve' includes a cumulative 4.8m loss (last year 12.6m loss) in the currency reserve. 3. Amounts 'reclassied and reported in prot or loss' are presented within nance costs offsetting the revaluation of the hedged bonds (last year 4.4m was presented in cost of sales and 55.6m in nance costs). 'Amount recognised in inventories' includes (93.7)m included cost of sales for the year and 87.8m (last year 21.6m) that remains in inventory at the balance sheet date. 89 ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2016 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS 1,311.3 (99.3) 1,212.0 1,349.1 (71.1) 1,278.0 30.6 (363.3) (186.8) (7.2) 6.8 (56.2) (576.1) 35.4 (521.8) (178.0) 6.0 9.3 - (649.1) Cash ows from nancing activities Interest paid Cash inow/(outow) from borrowings Repayment of syndicated loan notes Decrease in obligations under nance leases Payment of liability to the Marks & Spencer UK Pension Scheme Equity dividends paid Shares issued on exercise of employee share options Purchase of own shares held by employee trust Share buyback Net cash used in nancing activities (113.5) 3.1 (19.9) (2.4) (56.0) (301.7) 20.6 (10.9) (150.7) (631.4) (115.3) (165.7) (10.2) (4.8) (54.4) (280.7) 40.8 (24.2) - (614.5) Net cash inow from activities Effects of exchange rate changes Opening net cash Closing net cash 28 4.5 3.7 187.8 196.0 14.4 (2.3) 175.7 187.8 Notes 53 weeks ended 2 April 2016 m Cash ows from investing activities Proceeds on property disposals Purchase of property, plant and equipment Purchase of intangible assets (Purchase)/reduction of current nancial assets Interest received Acquisition of subsidiary Net cash used in investing activities 25 OUR BUSINESS 27 52 weeks ended 28 March 2015 m OUR PERFORMANCE Notes Cash ows from operating activities Cash generated from operations Income tax paid Net cash inow from operating activities 53 weeks ended 2 April 2016 m 1. Includes interest on the partnership liability to the Marks & Spencer UK Pension Scheme. 28 (2,463.6) 14.4 (6.0) 235.1 (3.1) 240.4 (2,223.2) GOVERNANCE (2,223.2) 4.5 7.2 75.2 (2.0) 84.9 (2,138.3) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Reconciliation of net cash ow to movement in net debt Opening net debt Net cash inow from activities Increase/(decrease) in current nancial assets Decrease in debt nancing Exchange and other non-cash movements Movement in net debt Closing net debt 52 weeks ended 28 March 2015 m 90 MARKS AND SPENCER GROUP PLC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1 ACCOUNTING POLICIES General information The current nancial statements are prepared for the 53 week period ended 2 April 2016, whereas the prior nancial period was the 52 weeks ended 28 March 2015. Basis of preparation The nancial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and IFRS Interpretations Committee (IFRS IC) interpretations, as adopted by the European Union and with those parts of the Companies Act 2006 applicable to companies reporting under IFRS. In adopting the going concern basis for preparing the nancial statements, the directors have considered the business activities as set out on pages 1 to 29 including the Group's principal risks and uncertainties as set out on pages 27 to 29. Based on the Group's cash ow forecasts and projections, the Board is satised that the Group will be able to operate within the level of its bank facilities for the foreseeable future. For this reason the Group continues to adopt the going concern basis in preparing its nancial statements. The Marks and Spencer Scottish Limited Partnership has taken an exemption under paragraph 7 of the Partnership (Accounts) Regulations 2008 for the requirement to prepare and deliver nancial statements in accordance with the Companies Act. New accounting standards adopted by the Group There have been no signicant changes to accounting under IFRS which have affected the Group's results. For the current nancial year, the only changes to the IFRS, IFRS IC interpretations and amendments that are effective for the rst time in this nancial year are the Annual Improvements to IFRSs: 2011-2013 cycle. These have not had a material impact on the Group. New accounting standards in issue but not yet effective The following IFRS have been issued but are not yet effective: > IFRS 16 'Leases' was issued on 13 January 2016 and is effective for periods beginning on or after 1 January 2019. Early adoption is permitted if IFRS 15 'Revenue from Contracts with Customers' has also been applied. The standard is yet to be endorsed by the EU. The standard represents a signicant change in the accounting and reporting of leases for lessees as it provides a single lessee accounting model, and as such, requires lessees to recognise assets and liabilities for all leases unless the underlying asset has a low value or the lease term is 12 months or less. Accounting requirements for lessors are substantially unchanged from IAS 17. The impact of the standard on the Group is currently being assessed and it is not yet practicable to quantify the effect of IFRS 16 on these consolidated nancial statements; > IFRS 9 'Financial Instruments' replaces all phases of the nancial instruments project and IAS 39 'Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement'. The standard is effective from 1 January 2018 and introduces: new requirements for the classication and measurement of nancial assets and nancial liabilities; a new model based on expected credit losses for recognising provisions; and provides for simplied hedge accounting by aligning hedge accounting more closely with an entities risk management methodology. It is not yet practicable to quantify the effect of IFRS 9 on the Group. Work on the impact of the new recognition, impairment and general hedge accounting requirements is in its early stages and we expect new processes and changes to the existing IT systems may be required to aid the Group's implementation of the standard; and > IFRS 15 'Revenue from Contracts with Customers' is effective for periods beginning on or after 1 January 2018 with early adoption permitted. It has not yet been endorsed by the EU. The standard establishes a principles based approach for revenue recognition and is based on the concept of recognising revenue for obligations only when they are satised and the control of goods or services is transferred. It applies to all contracts with customers, except those in the scope of other standards. It replaces the separate models for goods, services and construction contracts under the current accounting standards. Based on the Group's preliminary assessment from work performed to date, the Group believes that the adoption of IFRS 15 will not have a material impact on its consolidated results but work is still ongoing to fully quantify its impact. A summary of the Company's and the Group's accounting policies is given below: Accounting convention The nancial statements are drawn up on the historical cost basis of accounting, as modied by nancial assets and nancial liabilities (including derivative instruments) at fair value through prot or loss. Basis of consolidation The Group nancial statements incorporate the nancial statements of Marks and Spencer Group plc and all its subsidiaries made up to the period end date. Where necessary, adjustments are made to the nancial statements of subsidiaries to bring the accounting policies used in line with those used by the Group. Subsidiaries Subsidiary undertakings are all entities (including special purpose entities) over which the Group has the power to govern the nancial and operating policies. This power is generally accompanied by the Group having a shareholding of more than one half of the voting rights. Subsidiary undertakings acquired during the year are recorded using the acquisition method of accounting and their results are included from the date of acquisition. The separable net assets, including property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, of the newly acquired subsidiary undertakings are incorporated into the consolidated nancial statements on the basis of the fair value as at the effective date of control. Intercompany transactions, balances and unrealised gains on transactions between Group companies are eliminated. Revenue Revenue comprises sales of goods to customers outside the Group less an appropriate deduction for actual and expected returns, discounts and loyalty scheme vouchers, and is stated net of value added tax and other sales taxes. Revenue is recognised when goods are delivered to our franchise partners or customers and the signicant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the buyer. Supplier income In line with industry practice, the Group enters into agreements with suppliers to share the costs and benets of promotional activity and volume growth. The Group receives income from its suppliers based on specic agreements in place. This supplier income received is recognised as a deduction from cost of sales based on the entitlement that has been earned up to the balance sheet date for each relevant supplier agreement. Marketing contributions, equipment hire and other non-judgemental, xed rate supplier charges are not included in the Group's denition of supplier income. 91 ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2016 NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTINUED Income is calculated and invoiced at the end of the promotional period based on actual sales or according to xed contribution arrangements. Contributions earned but not invoiced are accrued at the end of the relevant period. B. Volume-based rebates: Includes annual growth incentives, seasonal contributions and contributions to share economies of scale resulting from moving product supply. Annual growth incentives are calculated and invoiced at the end of the nancial year, once earned, based on xed percentage growth targets agreed for each supplier at the beginning of the year. They are recognised as a reduction in cost of sales in the year to which they relate. Other volume based rebates are agreed with the supplier and spread over the relevant season/contract period to which they relate. Contributions earned but not invoiced are accrued at the end of the relevant period. Uncollected supplier income at the balance sheet date is classied within the nancial statements as follows: A. Trade and other payables: The majority of income due from suppliers is netted against amounts owed to that supplier as the Group has the right to offset these balances. As such the outstanding supplier income within trade and other payables at year end is immaterial. B. Trade and other receivables: Supplier income that has been earned but not invoiced at the balance sheet date is recognised in trade and other receivables and primarily relates to volume based rebates that run up to the period end. In order to provide users of the accounts with greater understanding in this area, additional balance sheet disclosure is provided in note 17 to the nancial statements. Dividends Final dividends are recorded in the nancial statements in the period in which they are approved by the Company's shareholders. Interim dividends are recorded in the period in which they are approved and paid. Pensions Funded pension plans are in place for the Group's UK employees and some employees overseas. For dened benet pension schemes, the difference between the fair value of the assets and the present value of the dened benet obligation is recognised as an asset or liability in the statement of nancial position. The dened benet obligation is actuarially calculated using the projected unit credit method. The service cost of providing retirement benets to employees during the year, together with the cost of any benets relating to past service, is charged to operating prot in the year. The net interest cost on the net retirement benet asset/liability is calculated by applying the discount rate, measured at the beginning of the year, to the net dened benet asset/liability and is included as a single net amount in nance income. Intangible assets A. Goodwill: Goodwill arising on consolidation represents the excess of the consideration paid and the amount of any noncontrolling interest in the acquiree over the fair value of the identiable assets and liabilities (including intangible assets) of the acquired entity at the date of the acquisition. Goodwill is recognised as an asset and assessed for impairment annually or as triggering events occur. Any impairment is recognised immediately in the income statement. OUR BUSINESS Income is recognised as a deduction to cost of sales over the relevant promotional period. Payments to dened contribution retirement benet schemes are charged as an expense on an accruals basis. B. Brands: Acquired brand values are held on the statement of nancial position initially at cost. Denite life intangibles are amortised on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. Indenite life intangibles are tested for impairment annually or as triggering events occur. Any impairment in value is recognised immediately in the income statement. C. Software intangibles: Where computer software is not an integral part of a related item of computer hardware, the software is treated as an intangible asset. Capitalised software costs include external direct costs of goods and services, as well as internal payroll related costs for employees who are directly associated with the project. Capitalised software development costs are amortised on a straight-line basis over their expected economic lives, normally between three and ten years. Computer software under development is held at cost less any recognised impairment loss. Any impairment in value is recognised immediately in the income statement. OUR PERFORMANCE A. Promotional contribution: Includes supplier contributions to promotional giveaways and pre-agreed contributions to annual 'spend and save' activity. Remeasurements, being actuarial gains and losses, together with the difference between actual investment returns and the return implied by the net interest cost, are recognised immediately in the statement of comprehensive income. Property, plant and equipment The Group's policy is to state property, plant and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation and any recognised impairment loss. Property is not revalued for accounting purposes. Assets in the course of construction are held at cost less any recognised impairment loss. Cost includes professional fees and, for qualifying assets, borrowing costs. Depreciation is provided to write off the cost of tangible noncurrent assets (including investment properties), less estimated residual values, by equal annual instalments as follows: > Freehold land - not depreciated; > Freehold and leasehold buildings with a remaining lease term over 50 years - depreciated to their residual value over their estimated remaining economic lives; GOVERNANCE Supplier income continued The types of supplier income recognised by the Group and the associated recognition policies are: > Leasehold buildings with a remaining lease term of less than 50 years - depreciated over the remaining period of the lease; and > Fixtures, ttings and equipment - 3 to 25 years according to the estimated economic life of the asset. Residual values and useful economic lives are reviewed annually. Depreciation is charged on all additions to, or disposals of, depreciating assets in the year of purchase or disposal. Any impairment in value is recognised immediately in the income statement. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1 ACCOUNTING POLICIES CONTINUED 92 MARKS AND SPENCER GROUP PLC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTINUED 1 ACCOUNTING POLICIES CONTINUED Leasing Where assets are nanced by leasing agreements and the risks and rewards are substantially transferred to the Group (nance leases) the assets are treated as if they had been purchased outright, and the corresponding liability to the leasing company is included as an obligation under nance leases. Depreciation on leased assets is charged to the income statement on the same basis as owned assets, unless the term of the lease is shorter. Leasing payments are treated as consisting of capital and interest elements and the interest is charged to the income statement. All other leases are operating leases and the costs in respect of operating leases are charged on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The value of any lease incentive received to take on an operating lease (for example, a rent free period) is recognised as deferred income and is released over the life of the lease. Leasehold prepayments Payments made to acquire leasehold land and buildings are included in prepayments at cost and are amortised over the life of the lease. Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents includes short-term deposits with banks and other nancial institutions, with an initial maturity of three months or less and credit card payments received within 48 hours. Taxation Tax expense comprises current and deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the income statement, except to the extent it relates to items recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case the related tax is also recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity. Deferred tax is accounted for using a temporary difference approach, and is the tax expected to be payable or recoverable on temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in the statement of nancial position and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable prot. Deferred tax is calculated based on the expected manner of realisation or settlement of the carrying amount of assets and liabilities, applying tax rates and laws enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax liabilities are recognised for taxable temporary differences arising on investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, except where the reversal of the temporary difference can be controlled by the Group and it is probable that the difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future. Deferred tax liabilities are not recognised on temporary differences that arise from goodwill which is not deductible for tax purposes. Inventories Inventories are valued on a weighted average cost basis and carried at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost includes all direct expenditure and other attributable costs incurred in bringing inventories to their present location and condition. All inventories are nished goods. Certain purchases of inventories may be subject to cash ow hedges for foreign exchange risk. The Group applies a basis adjustment for those purchases in a way that the cost is initially established by reference to the hedged exchange rate and not the spot rate at the day of purchase. Deferred tax assets are recognised to the extent it is probable that taxable prots will be available against which the deductible temporary differences can be utilised. The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable prots will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered. Provisions Provisions are recognised when the Group has a present obligation as a result of a past event, and it is probable that the Group will be required to settle that obligation. Provisions are measured at the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligation at the end of the reporting period, and are discounted to present value where the effect is material. Financial instruments Financial assets and liabilities are recognised in the Group's statement of nancial position when the Group becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Share-based payments The Group issues equity-settled share-based payments to certain employees. A fair value for the equity-settled share awards is measured at the date of grant. The Group measures the fair value of each award using the Black-Scholes model where appropriate. The fair value of each award is recognised as an expense over the vesting period on a straight-line basis, after allowing for an estimate of the share awards that will eventually vest. The level of vesting is reviewed at each reporting period and the charge is adjusted to reect actual and estimated levels of vesting. Foreign currencies The results of overseas subsidiaries are translated at the weighted average of monthly exchange rates for revenue and prots. The statements of nancial position of overseas subsidiaries are translated at year end exchange rates. The resulting exchange differences are booked into reserves and reported in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income. Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the exchange rate at the date of the transaction. Foreign currency monetary assets and liabilities held at the end of the reporting period are translated at the closing balance sheet rate. The resulting exchange gain or loss is recognised within the income statement, except when deferred in other comprehensive income as qualifying cash ow hedges and qualifying net investment hedges. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognised in respect of temporary differences that arise on initial recognition of assets and liabilities acquired other than in a business combination. A. Trade and other receivables: Trade receivables are recorded initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost. Subsequently, this results in their recognition at nominal value less any allowance for any doubtful debts. B. Other nancial assets: Other nancial assets consist of investments in debt and equity securities and short-term investments and are classied as either 'available-for-sale' or 'fair value through prot or loss'. Available for sale nancial assets are initially measured at fair value, including transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of the nancial asset. Financial assets held at fair value through prot or loss are initially recognised at fair value and transaction costs are expensed. Where securities are designated as 'fair value through prot or loss', gains and losses arising from changes in fair value are included in the income statement for the period. For 'available-for-sale' investments, gains or losses arising from changes in fair value are recognised in comprehensive income, until the security is disposed of or is determined to be impaired, at which time the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in comprehensive income is included in the income statement for the period. Equity investments that do not have a quoted market price in an active market and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured by other means are held at cost. C. Classication of nancial liabilities and equity: Financial liabilities and equity instruments are classied according to the substance of the contractual arrangements entered into. An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of the Group after deducting all of its liabilities. 93 ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2016 NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTINUED G. Equity instruments: Equity instruments issued by the Company are recorded at the consideration received, net of direct issue costs. Derivative nancial instruments and hedging activities The Group primarily uses interest rate swaps, cross currency swaps and forward foreign currency contracts to manage its exposures to uctuations in interest rates and foreign exchange rates. These instruments are initially recognised at fair value on the trade date and are subsequently remeasured at their fair value at the end of the reporting period. The method of recognising the resulting gain or loss is dependent on whether the derivative is designated as a hedging instrument and the nature of the item being hedged. The Group designates certain hedging derivatives as either: > A hedge of a highly probable forecast transaction or change in the cash ows of a recognised asset or liability (a cash ow hedge); > A hedge of the exposure to change in the fair value of a recognised asset or liability (a fair value hedge); or > A hedge of the exposure on the translation of net investments in foreign entities (a net investment hedge). At the inception of a hedging relationship the hedging instrument and the hedged item are documented, along with the risk management objectives and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions, and prospective effectiveness testing is performed. During the life of the hedging relationship, prospective and retrospective effectiveness testing is performed to ensure the instrument remains an effective hedge of the transaction. Changes in the fair value of derivative nancial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognised in the income statement as they arise. A. Cash ow hedges: Changes in the fair value of derivative nancial instruments that are designated and effective as hedges of future cash ows are recognised in other comprehensive income in the hedging reserve and any ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the income statement. If the rm commitment or forecast transaction that is the subject of a cash ow hedge results in the recognition of a non-nancial asset or liability, then, at the time the asset or liability is recognised, the associated gains or losses on the derivative that had previously been recognised in comprehensive income are included in the initial measurement of the asset or liability. C. Net investment hedges: Changes in the fair value of derivative or non-derivative nancial instruments that are designated and effective as hedges of net investments are recognised in other comprehensive income in the hedging reserve and any ineffective portion is recognised immediately in the income statement. OUR BUSINESS F. Trade payables: Trade payables are recorded initially at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost. Generally this results in their recognition at their nominal value. B. Fair value hedges: Changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument designated in a fair value hedge, or for non-derivatives the foreign currency component of carrying value, are recognised in the income statement. The hedged item is adjusted for changes in fair value attributable to the risk being hedged with the corresponding entry in the income statement. Changes in the fair value of derivative nancial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognised in the income statement as they arise. D. Discontinuance of hedge accounting: Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, the hedge relationship no longer qualies for hedge accounting, the forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur or the Group de-designates the hedge relationship. When a cash ow hedge is discontinued, any cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognised in comprehensive income is retained in equity until the forecast transaction occurs. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the hedging instruments when the forecast transaction is no longer highly probable but is still expected to occur, are recognised in the income statement. If a hedged transaction is no longer expected to occur, the net cumulative gain or loss recognised in comprehensive income is transferred to the income statement for the period. OUR PERFORMANCE E. Loan notes: Long-term loans are initially measured at fair value net of direct issue costs and are subsequently held at amortised cost unless the loan is designated in a hedge relationship, in which case hedge accounting treatment will apply. For hedges that do not result in the recognition of an asset or a liability, amounts deferred in comprehensive income are recognised in the income statement in the same period in which the hedged items affect net prot or loss. When a fair value hedge is discontinued, the fair value adjustment to the carrying amount of the hedged item arising from the hedged risk is amortised to the income statement from that date. When a net investment hedge is discontinued, the subsequent changes in fair value of a derivative (or foreign exchange gains/ losses on recognised nancial liabilities) are recognised in the income statement. The gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognised in other comprehensive income is reclassied to the income statement only on disposal of the net investment. The Group does not use derivatives to hedge income statement translation exposures. Embedded derivatives Derivatives embedded in other nancial instruments or other host contracts are treated as separate derivatives when their risks and characteristics are not closely related to those of the host contracts and the host contracts are not carried at fair value, with unrealised gains or losses reported in the income statement. Embedded derivatives are carried in the statement of nancial position at fair value from the inception of the host contract. GOVERNANCE Financial instruments continued D. Bank borrowings: Interest-bearing bank loans and overdrafts are initially recorded at fair value, which equals the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs. They are subsequently held at amortised cost. Finance charges, including premiums payable on settlement or redemption and direct issue costs, are accounted for using an effective interest rate method and are added to the carrying amount of the instrument to the extent that they are not settled in the period in which they arise. Changes in fair value are recognised within the income statement during the period in which they arise. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 1 ACCOUNTING POLICIES CONTINUED 94 MARKS AND SPENCER GROUP PLC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTINUED 1 ACCOUNTING POLICIES CONTINUED Critical accounting estimates and judgements The preparation of consolidated nancial statements requires the Group to make estimates and assumptions that affect the application of policies and reported amounts. Estimates and judgements are continually evaluated and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The estimates and assumptions which have a signicant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets and liabilities are: A. Impairment of goodwill and brands: The Group is required to test annually or as triggering events occur, whether the goodwill or brands are subject to impairment. The recoverable amount is determined based on value in use calculations. The use of this method requires the estimation of future cash ows and the choice of a suitable discount rate in order to calculate the present value of these cash ows. Determination of the appropriate period of future cashows is also necessary where it would be inappropriate to assume the asset will continue into perpetuity. Where there is a noncontrolling interest, goodwill is tested for the business as a whole. This involves a notional increase to goodwill, to reect the noncontrolling shareholders' interest. Actual outcomes could vary from those calculated. See notes 5 and 14 for further details. B. Impairment of property, plant and equipment and computer software: Property, plant and equipment and computer software are reviewed for impairment if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. When a review for impairment is conducted, the recoverable amount is determined based on value in use calculations prepared on the basis of management's assumptions and estimates. See notes 14 and 15 for further details. C. Depreciation of property, plant and equipment and amortisation of computer software: Depreciation and amortisation is provided so as to write down the assets to their residual values over their estimated useful lives as set out above. The selection of these residual values and estimated lives requires the exercise of management judgement. See notes 14 and 15 for further details. D. Post-retirement benets: The determination of the pension cost and dened benet obligation of the Group's dened benet pension schemes depends on the selection of certain assumptions which include the discount rate, ination rate, salary growth, mortality and expected return on scheme assets. Differences arising from actual experiences or future changes in assumptions will be reected in subsequent periods. See note 11 for further details of assumptions and note 12 for critical judgements associated with the Marks & Spencer UK Pension Scheme interest in the Marks and Spencer Scottish Limited Partnership. E. Refunds, gift cards and loyalty scheme accruals: Accruals for sales returns, deferred income in relation to loyalty scheme redemptions and gift card and credit voucher redemptions are estimated on the basis of historical returns and redemptions. These are recorded so as to allocate them to the same period as that in which the original revenue is recorded. These balances are reviewed regularly and updated to reect management's latest best estimates. However, actual returns and redemptions could vary from those estimates. F. Inventory valuation and provisioning: Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value, on a weighted average cost basis which requires the estimation of the eventual sales price of goods to customers in the future. Provisions are recognised where the net realisable value is assessed to be lower than cost. Non-underlying items The directors believe that the underlying prot and earnings per share measures provide additional useful information for shareholders on the underlying performance of the business. These measures are consistent with how underlying business performance is measured internally. The underlying prot before tax measure is not a recognised prot measure under IFRS and may not be directly comparable with adjusted prot measures used by other companies. The adjustments made to reported prot before tax are to exclude the following: > Prots and losses on the disposal of properties or impairments of properties where a commitment to close has been demonstrated; > One-off pension credits arising on changes to the dened benet schemes' rules and practices; > Interest relating to signicant and one-off repayments from tax litigation claims; > Restructuring costs; > Signicant and one-off impairment charges and provisions that distort underlying trading; > Fair value movement in nancial instruments; > Costs relating to strategy changes that are not considered normal operating costs of the underlying business; > Adjustment in income from HSBC in relation to M&S Bank due to a non-recurring provision recognised by M&S Bank for the cost of providing redress to customers in respect of possible mis-selling of M&S Bank nancial products; and > Ex-gratia payment received from HSBC in relation to the mis-selling of nancial products. 95 ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2016 NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTINUED 2 SEGMENTAL INFORMATION IFRS 8 requires operating segments to be identied on the basis of internal reporting on components of the Group that are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision maker to allocate resources to the segments and to assess their performance. The chief operating decision maker has been identied as the executive directors. The executive directors review the Group's internal reporting in order to assess performance and allocate resources across each operating segment. The operating segments are UK and International which are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting to the executive directors. The executive directors assess the performance of the operating segments based on a measure of operating prot. This measurement basis excludes the effects of non-underlying items from the operating segments. The executive directors also monitor revenue within the segments and gross prot within the UK segment. To increase transparency, the Group has decided to include an additional voluntary disclosure analysing revenue within the reportable segments by subcategory and gross prot within the UK segment by subcategory. The following is an analysis of the Group's revenue and results by reportable segment: Adjustment m 3,961.3 5,509.5 9,470.8 329.7 754.9 1,084.6 10,555.4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2,180.7 1,806.2 3,986.9 (3,320.1) 59.9 726.7 58.2 784.9 (300.9) 300.9 - - - - Finance income Finance costs 21.1 (116.4) - - Prot before tax 689.6 - - (49.1) (50.3) (99.4) (101.4) (200.8) - - (200.8) Adjustment m Nonunderlying Items2 m Statutory m 3,987.4 5,234.7 9,222.1 341.3 747.0 1,088.3 10,310.4 1.0 - 1.0 - - - 1.0 - - - - - - - 3,988.4 5,234.7 9,223.1 341.3 747.0 1,088.3 10,311.4 3,686.0 (3,068.3) 9.6 627.3 (43.2) 584.1 2,098.9 1,718.5 3,817.4 (3,207.4) 60.2 670.2 92.3 762.5 (293.4) 293.4 - - - - - (15.8) (13.8) (29.6) (31.6) (61.2) 3,524.0 (2,929.8) 46.4 640.6 60.7 701.3 21.1 (116.4) 15.5 (116.8) - - - - 15.5 (116.8) 488.8 661.2 - (61.2) 600.0 Statutory m Management m 3,961.3 5,509.5 9,470.8 329.7 754.9 1,084.6 10,555.4 1. Adjustments to revenue in the prior year relate to refunds recognised in cost of sales for management accounting purposes (last year 1.3m credit) and an adjustment for agency transactions presented gross in management accounts (last year 0.3m charge). In the current year these adjustments are reected in the management number. Management gross prot for the UK segment excludes certain expenses resulting in an adjustment between cost of sales and selling and administrative expenses of 300.9m (last year 293.4m). 2. Management prot excludes the adjustments (income or charges) made to reported prot before tax that are one-off in nature, signicant and distort the Group's underlying performance (see note 5). GOVERNANCE Clothing & Home gross prot Food gross prot UK gross prot UK operating costs M&S Bank UK operating prot International operating prot/(loss) Group operating prot Management m Nonunderlying Items2 m OUR PERFORMANCE 52 weeks ended 28 March 2015 53 weeks ended 2 April 2016 Clothing & Home revenue Food revenue UK revenue Franchised Owned International revenue Group revenue OUR BUSINESS The UK segment consists of the UK retail business and UK franchise operations. The International segment consists of Marks & Spencer owned businesses in the Republic of Ireland, Europe and Asia, together with international franchise operations. Other segmental information Additions to property, plant and equipment and intangible assets (excluding goodwill) Depreciation and amortisation Impairment and asset write-offs Total assets Non-current assets International m Total m UK m International m Total m 624.9 531.9 60.8 8,062.3 6,751.9 20.0 30.9 98.8 414.1 263.1 644.9 562.8 159.6 8,476.4 7,015.0 544.4 490.8 36.0 7,763.2 6,424.0 33.4 32.0 35.3 432.9 317.1 577.8 522.8 71.3 8,196.1 6,741.1 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2015 2016 UK m 96 MARKS AND SPENCER GROUP PLC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTINUED 3 EXPENSE ANALYSIS 2015 Total m 2016 Total m Revenue Cost of sales Gross prot Selling and administrative expenses Other operating income Underlying operating prot Non-underlying items (see note 5) Operating prot 10,555.4 (6,427.0) 4,128.4 (3,412.9) 69.4 784.9 (200.8) 584.1 10,311.4 (6,325.9) 3,985.5 (3,304.8) 81.8 762.5 (61.2) 701.3 The selling and administrative expenses excluding non-underlying items are further analysed below: Employee costs1 Occupancy costs Repairs, renewals and maintenance of property Depreciation, amortisation and underlying asset impairments and write-offs Other costs Selling and administrative expenses 2016 Total m 2015 Total m 1,435.7 723.2 99.5 576.8 577.7 3,412.9 1,360.7 709.0 104.9 550.1 580.1 3,304.8 2016 m 2015 m 1. There are an additional 51.0m (last year 45.5m) of employee costs recorded within cost of sales. These costs are included within note 10A. 4 PROFIT BEFORE TAXATION The following items have been included in arriving at prot before taxation: Net foreign exchange losses/(gains) Cost of inventories recognised as an expense Depreciation of property, plant, and equipment - owned assets - under nance leases Amortisation of intangible assets (Prot)/loss on property disposals Impairments and write-offs of assets Operating lease rentals payable - property - xtures, ttings and equipment 6.9 5,778.6 (12.7) 5,746.2 412.7 1.4 148.7 (0.6) 159.6 396.8 3.3 122.7 2.3 71.3 337.1 3.5 318.8 2.8 Included in administrative expenses is the auditor's remuneration, including expenses for audit and non-audit services, payable to the Company's auditor Deloitte LLP and its associates as follows: Annual audit of the Company and the consolidated nancial statements Audit of subsidiary companies Audit-related assurance services Total audit and audit-related assurance services fees Tax compliance services Other services Total other services 2016 m 2015 m 0.7 0.7 0.2 1.6 - 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.2 1.5 0.1 0.4 0.5 97 ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2016 NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTINUED 5 NON UNDERLYING ITEMS In order to provide shareholders with a measure of the true underlying performance of the business and to allow a more understandable assessment of its position, the Group makes certain adjustments to the reported prot before tax. These adjustments for non-underlying items are made in accordance with the Group's accounting policy and are one-off in nature, material by size and are considered to be distortive of the true underlying performance of the business. Net M&S Bank charges incurred in relation to the insurance mis-selling provision Restructuring credits/(costs) UK store review UK one-off impairment costs International - store closure costs and impairments International - impairment of goodwill International - other impairments Prot/(loss) on property disposal and impairment following a commitment being made to close stores IAS 39 Fair value movement of embedded derivative Net gain on acquisition of joint venture holding Bradford warehouse Adjustment to prot before tax 15,22 15,22 15,22 14 14,15 15,22 21 25 2016 m 2015 m (50.3) 9.2 (26.7) (23.7) (31.6) (19.1) (51.7) (13.8) (4.6) - - (37.2) - - (10.3) (2.0) 5.4 (200.8) (6.9) 1.3 - (61.2) Net M&S Bank charges incurred in relation to the insurance mis-selling provision The Group has an economic interest in M&S Bank, a wholly owned subsidiary of HSBC, by way of a Relationship Agreement that entitles the Group to a 50% share of the prots of M&S Bank after appropriate deductions. The Group does not share in any losses of M&S Bank and is not obliged to refund any fees received from HSBC although future income may be impacted by signicant one-off deductions. Since the year ended 31 December 2012, M&S Bank has recognised, in its audited nancial statements, an estimated liability for redress to customers in respect of possible mis-selling of nancial products. The Group's fee income from M&S Bank has been reduced by the deduction of this estimated liability in both the current and prior years. The total charge to date for the deduction in the Group's fee income is 189.4m. The deduction in the period is 50.3m. OUR PERFORMANCE Notes OUR BUSINESS The total non-underlying items reported for the 53 week period ended 2 April 2016 is a net charge of 200.8m. The adjustments made to reported prot before tax to arrive at underlying prot are: On 26 September 2014, the Group reached agreement with M&S Bank and HSBC over a number of issues in connection with the Relationship Agreement (including the extent of historical mis-selling charges). This resulted in an ex gratia payment to the Group of 40.0m by HSBC which was recognised as a non-underlying credit in the prior period (net of 0.1m legal fees). UK store review The UK store review relates to a strategic multi-year programme which was announced during the year. As part of this programme, nine UK stores have been closed in the period resulting in charges of 26.7m being incurred. These charges relate to dilapidations and sublet shortfalls, accelerated depreciation of xtures and ttings, impairments of land and buildings and redundancy costs. UK one-off impairment costs As part of the ongoing review of the Clothing & Home business, signicant changes in both the trading strategy and the store ranging strategy were made. As a result of these changes, elements of the new buying and merchandising systems will no longer be used and as a result investment in these elements of the system have been written off, resulting in a one-off charge of 23.7m. GOVERNANCE Restructuring credits/(costs) The 9.2m restructuring credit in the year relates primarily to the Group's ongoing strategy to transition to a single tier distribution network and the closure costs of the legacy logistics sites. The net credit in the year arises due to an updated view of the site closure proposals (which has resulted in the retention of some sites initially announced for closure), an updated view of the estimated costs associated with closure and the successful assignment of a lease that had initially been provided for as onerous. International - store closure costs and impairments The international store impairment tests during the year have identied a number of stores across the portfolio where current and anticipated future performance will not support the carrying value of the stores. As a result, one-off impairment charges of 21.9m have been incurred, primarily in Western Europe and Asia. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Closure costs of 6.5m were incurred on the exit of stores, primarily in the Balkans region. In addition, separately capitalised staffing costs of 3.2m relating to property and store design projects for closed/impaired international stores have been written off during the year. 98 MARKS AND SPENCER GROUP PLC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTINUED 5 NON UNDERLYING ITEMS CONTINUED International - impairment of goodwill Goodwill arising on business combinations is not amortised but is reviewed for impairment annually, or more frequently if indicators of impairment are identied. The goodwill impairment test involves an assessment of the carrying value relative to the value in use of the CGU (calculated using the three year plans reviewed by the Board). Where the carrying value exceeds the value in use an impairment charge is recognised. During the year indicators of impairment have been identied in respect of both the Czech Group and the Hungarian businesses. The performance of the Czech Group during the year has been heavily impacted by challenging trading conditions and weakening currencies. These have had a detrimental impact on the business' ability to improve protability year-on-year. As a result, the future cash ows of the business no longer support the carrying value of the goodwill resulting in a full impairment of the goodwill balance of 15.8m. The Hungarian retail market has been impacted by challenging trading conditions resulting in a decrease in gross prot and reduced expectations of future growth. As a result, the future cash ows of the business no longer support the carrying value of the goodwill resulting in a full impairment of the goodwill balance of 3.3m. International - other impairments The M&S Mode brand was acquired in 2011 giving the Group the right to use the M&S brand in certain European markets. The valuation of this asset is supported by the cash ows of both owned and franchised European businesses. The deterioration in the current year trading performance across several of these markets (most notably Greece, France, the Czech Group and Hungary) and the consequential impact on expected future year cash ows have resulted in the carrying value of the brand no longer being supportable. As a result a full impairment of 32.4m has been recognised in the year. E-SAP is an enterprise management system used solely by owned businesses in Greece, the Czech Group and Hungary. As highlighted above, the expected future cash ows of these countries have been impacted by challenging trading conditions and weakening currencies. There are no plans to implement E-SAP across other international territories. As a result, the cash ows can no longer support the carrying value of the E-SAP system and an impairment charge of the full 19.3m has been recognised in the year. Prot/(loss) on property disposal and impairment following a commitment being made to close stores During the year the Group recognised a net prot of 0.6m on the disposal of stores in Hartlepool, Harlow and Gloucester. As a result of historic store closures, the Group has a small non-operating portfolio of properties. The strategy is to market the properties for sale (or lease assignment) or to explore sub-let opportunities where a sale or assignment is not achievable. A detailed review of the realisable value of these assets has been performed during the year which has identied a one-off charge of 10.9m. IAS 39 Fair value movement of embedded derivative The embedded derivative arose in respect of a lease contract for the Bradford distribution warehouse held within the Lima (Bradford) S. r.l. joint venture. The lease contained both a rental increase cap and oor resulting in an embedded derivative being recognised in the Statement of FInancial Position and fair valued each reporting period. The fair value movement in the derivative during the period until acquisition was 2.0m. Net gain on acquisition of joint venture holding Bradford warehouse On 29 February 2016, the Group purchased the remaining 50% of the Lima (Bradford) S. r.l. joint venture for cash consideration of 56.2m. In accordance with IFRS 3 'Business Combinations' this acquisition was treated as a stepped acquisition resulting in a one-off fair value gain of 27.1m. Following the Group's acquisition, the embedded derivative in respect of the lease contract for the warehouse (see note above 'IAS 39 Fair value movement of embedded derivative ) has been derecognised from the Statement of Financial Position, resulting in a one-off cost of 21.7m. Refer to note 25 for more detail on this business combination. 6 FINANCE INCOME/COSTS Bank and other interest receivable Pension net nance income (see note 11) Finance income Interest on bank borrowings Interest payable on syndicated bank facility Interest payable on medium-term notes Interest payable on nance leases Unwind of discount on nancial instruments Unwind of discount on provisions (see note 22) Unwind of discount on partnership liability to the Marks & Spencer UK Pension Scheme (see note 12) Finance costs Net nance costs 2016 m 2015 m 5.8 15.3 21.1 5.0 10.5 15.5 (3.6) (5.5) (89.9) (1.9) (0.4) (0.4) (14.7) (116.4) (95.3) (3.3) (6.4) (88.1) (2.0) (0.6) (0.3) (16.1) (116.8) (101.3) 99 ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2016 NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTINUED 7 INCOME TAX EXPENSE A. Taxation charge Current tax UK corporation tax on prots for the year at 20% (last year 21%) - current year - adjustments in respect of prior years UK current tax Overseas current taxation - current year - adjustments in respect of prior years Total current taxation Deferred tax - origination and reversal of temporary differences - adjustments in respect of prior years - changes in tax rate Total deferred tax (see note 23) Total income tax expense 2015 m 111.6 (5.6) 106.0 106.5 (7.5) 99.0 12.4 (0.5) 117.9 12.3 (3.0) 108.3 (28.3) 2.6 (7.8) (33.5) 84.4 5.8 4.5 (0.3) 10.0 118.3 2016 m 2015 m OUR BUSINESS 2016 m 488.8 97.8 2.3 (9.6) (7.8) (4.3) 3.7 (3.5) 600.0 126.0 5.3 (9.9) (0.3) (7.9) 4.8 (6.1) 2.6 15.3 (1.5) (5.4) - (5.2) 84.4 - 7.7 (1.3) - 0.1 (0.1) 118.3 After excluding non-underlying items the underlying effective tax rate was 17.2% (last year 18.9%). On 18 November 2015, the Finance Bill received Royal Assent and so the previously announced reductions in the rate of corporation tax to 19% from 1 April 2017 and 18% from 1 April 2020 were enacted. The Group has remeasured its UK deferred tax assets and liabilities at the end of the reporting period at the rates of 20%, 19% and 18% based on an expectation of when those balances are expected to unwind. This has resulted in the recognition of a deferred tax credit of 7.6m in the income statement and the recognition of a deferred tax credit of 20.9m in other comprehensive income. Also included in the total deferred tax credit above of 7.8m is 0.2m relating to rate changes in Slovakia. GOVERNANCE Prot before tax Notional taxation at standard UK corporation tax rate of 20% (last year 21%) Depreciation and other amounts in relation to xed assets that do not qualify for tax relief Other income and expenses that are not taxable or allowable for tax purposes Recalculation of deferred tax balances due to the change in statutory UK tax rates Overseas prots taxed at rates different to those of the UK Overseas tax losses where there is no relief anticipated in the foreseeable future Adjustments to current and deferred tax charges in respect of prior periods Adjustments to underlying prot: - depreciation and other amounts in relation to xed assets that do not qualify for tax relief - international store review charges where no tax relief is available - (prots)/losses on property disposals - acquisition of Lima (Bradford) S. r.l. joint venture - recalculation of deferred tax balances due to change in statutory UK tax rates - overseas prots taxed at rates different to those of the UK Total income tax expense OUR PERFORMANCE B. Taxation reconciliation The effective tax rate was 17.3% (last year 19.7%) and is reconciled below: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS On 16 March 2016, the Chancellor of the Exchequer announced that the planned reduction to 18% from 1 April 2020 would instead be a reduction to 17%. The Finance Bill was not substantively enacted at the year end date therefore the Group has not recognised the one-off impact of remeasuring balances from 18% to 17%. However, if 17% was applied, it is estimated that this would result in a further deferred tax credit of 3.5m in the income statement and the recognition of a further deferred tax credit of 9.6m in other comprehensive income. 100 MARKS AND SPENCER GROUP PLC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTINUED 7 INCOME TAX EXPENSE CONTINUED C Current tax reconciliation The current tax reconciliation shows the main adjustments made to the Group's accounting prots in order to arrive at its taxable prots. The reconciling items differ from those in note 7B as the effects of deferred tax timing differences are ignored below. 2016 m Prot before taxation Notional taxation at standard UK corporation tax rate of 20% (last year: 21%) Disallowable accounting depreciation and other similar items Deductible capital allowances Allowable deductions for employee share schemes Allowable deductions for employee pension schemes Overseas prots taxed at rates different to those of the UK Overseas tax losses where there is no immediate relief Other income and expenses that are not taxable or allowable Adjustments to underlying prot: - international store review charges where no tax relief is available - (prots)/losses on property disposals - UK property and investment deductions where no tax relief is available - acquisition of Lima (Bradford) S. r.l. joint venture - embedded derivative - overseas prots taxed at rates different to those of the UK Current year current tax charge Represented by: UK current year current tax Overseas current year current tax UK adjustments in respect of prior years Overseas adjustments in respect of prior years Total current taxation (note 7A) 2015 m 488.8 97.8 85.4 (71.5) (3.4) (13.4) (4.3) 3.7 7.6 600.0 126.0 86.1 (76.9) (10.2) (15.6) (5.7) 4.8 1.9 21.0 (0.5) 7.5 (5.4) 4.7 (5.2) 124.0 7.7 0.5 0.6 - (0.3) (0.1) 118.8 111.6 12.4 124.0 (5.6) (0.5) 117.9 106.5 12.3 118.8 (7.5) (3.0) 108.3 101 ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2016 NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONTINUED 8 EARNINGS PER SHARE The calculation of earnings per ordinary share is based on earnings after tax and the weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue during the year. Prot attributable to equity shareholders of the Company Add/(less) (net of tax): Net M&S Bank charges incurred in relation to the insurance mis-selling provision Restructuring credits/(costs) UK store review UK one-off impairment costs International - store closure costs and impairments International - impairment of goodwill International - other impairments Prot/(loss) on property disposal and impairment following a commitment being made to close stores IAS 39 Fair value movement of embedded derivative Net gain on acquisition of joint venture holding Bradford warehouse Underlying prot attributable to equity shareholders of the Company Weighted average number of ordinary shares in issue Poten