Q1.CAN YOU PLEASE PROVIDE A DETAILED CONCLUSION TO THIS RESEARCH WORK.

THE IMPACTS OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES ON PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLY CHAIN AND LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT

The study is to investigate the effects of newly developing 4.0 technologies on pharmaceutical sector supply chain logistics management. Exploiting Pharma Industry 4.0 new technologies supports long-term value creation, leads to a more flexible, smart, and personalized pharma industry, and assists pharma firms in gaining long-term competitive advantages.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Indian pharmaceutical industry, which ranks third in volume and 14th in value terms, is not only one of the fastest-expanding sectors of the Indian economy but also a major player globally. It is expanding at a 14% average yearly growth rate.The pharmaceutical market, presently estimated at US $ 20 billion, might practically quadruple in the next five years, driven mostly by the domestic segment's steady rise. For the previous two decades, India has been a hub for pharmaceutical medication manufacture, Research & Development, and clinical trials.(Ranjan, 2012)state that given the persistent and high demand for better medications to enhance the quality of life and support a rapidly aging population, the pharmaceutical industry's stability is all the more remarkable.

Industry 4.0 has recently drawn the attention of scholars and industry professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, notably pharmaceutical supply chain management (PSCM), as the current pandemic (COVID-19) has demonstrated (R. V. Barenji, 2019). Industry 4.0 employs smart manufacturing procedures to produce crucial throwaway products to address the COVID-19 pandemic scarcity. During this crisis, it provides a sophisticated supply chain of medical disposables and equipment so that patients may obtain the necessary critical medical products on time (Mohd Javaid, 2020 July-August). The fourth industrial revolution, known as Industry 4.0, is characterized by the introduction of cyber-physical systems to support automated manufacturing in smart factories (R. V. Barenji, 2019).(Iredale, 2021)

Digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML), blockchain, cloud/fog computing, drones, internet of things (IoT), autonomous and smart vehicles (e.g., driverless cars, electric cars, etc.), big data analytics, additive manufacturing/3D printing, radio-frequency identification (RFID), A global positioning system (GPS), etc are the main factors driving Industry 4.0.In PSCM, Industry 4.0 focuses on transforming end-to-end pharmaceutical supply chain (PSC) processes into a more efficient system with improved material and information flow, resulting in a smart and intelligent Pharmaceutical Supply Chain that is more accurate, dependable, agile, and sustainable(Bravo, 2013).

Pharmaceutical companies are expected to adhere to extremely high standards of good manufacturing practices (GMP) throughout the manufacturing of medications, as well as to conform to highly demanding quality assurance (QA) requirements for produced medicines.

1. Analysis of the impacts of emerging 4.0 technologies on supply chain and logistics management: -

This section examines the literature on Industry 4.0 pharmaceutical supply chain and logistics management, as well as the advent of related technologies in the Indian paramedical sector.

2.1 Industry 4.0

Emerging new technologies are providing organizations with strategic opportunities to gain a competitive advantage in a variety of management functional areas, including logistics and supply chain management.The level of achievement, however, is determined by the technology used in the application, as well as the availability of appropriate organizational infrastructure, culture, management rules, Information, communication, and automation technologies have significantly accelerated identification, data collection, processing, analysis, and transmission in logistics while maintaining a high level of accuracy and reliability. Technology is a tool for improving supply chain competitiveness and performance by increasing the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the logistics system (Bhandari,2014).

Pharma 4.0 is the pharmaceutical equivalent of Industry 4.0.,(S Romero-Torres, 2017)advocated for early Pharma 4.0 adoption by integrating process components and IT infrastructure, vertical networking, and the usage of integrated real-time data infrastructures.ET such as AI & ML, Blockchain Technology, Cloud Computing, IoT, and Additive Manufacturing/3D Printing is used in the digitally modern pharmaceutical business(Langer, 2020). The COVID-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic has increased demand for crucial healthcare equipment and pharmaceuticals, as well as the need for advanced information technology solutions.Because of its enormous population, India faced a serious threat from the COVID'19 pandemic. Industry 4.0 technology identifies COVID-19 signs, reducing uncertainty about the disease and predicting the likelihood of infection. It assists in tracking potential health issues and the likelihood of recovery (Mohd Javaid, 2020 July-August).Artificial intelligence is a vital and growing component of the healthcare business, assisting in diagnosis and other medical services. Artificial intelligence is proven to be a critical revolutionary tool for tracking the epidemic at a faster and more efficient rate than humans are capable of(Mr. Anuj Kumar, 2021).Industry 4.0 digitalized technologies help to control the spread by pinpointing the origin of the epidemic and providing respite to medical professionals during inpatient home monitoring. Big data was utilized to anticipate the validity of the spread of the COVID'19 virus among individuals and was quite useful in decision-making to combat corona. Cloud computing, virtual reality, and artificial intelligence were utilized to forecast the spread of viral infection and minimize face-to-face interaction, enhance group work, cut travel expenses, increase productivity, reduce absenteeism, and reduce the environmental effect (K.P, 2022).Though there is no precise definition of Industry 4.0, it is based on a Cyber-Physical System (CPS). The primary goal of Industry 4.0 was to provide production model flexibility to give a ubiquitous flow of information, all-around access to a product within a facility, and real-time services when needed while increasing productivity by 30%. Industry 4.0 may be characterized as the combination of complex machinery imprisoned in ubiquitous sensors that enable systems to self-operate and make intelligent decisions, as well as an umbrella phrase for new developing technologies and concepts for building an ever-competitive industry(Haruna Muhd Inuwa, 2022).

2.2 Industry 4.0 technologies that are significant: -(Mohd Javaid, 2020 July-August)

SR NO	TECHNOLOGY	Description of technology	What benefit does it provide?
1.	Artificial intelligence (AI)	Artificial intelligence is a potent technique that can be highly effective in assessing infection risks and screening the population during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is a machine learning, computer vision, and natural language processing application that may train computers to use large data models for pattern recognition, explanation, and prediction. There is currently little application of this technology due to a lack of data. Sometimes the available data is noisy and contains outliers.	AI can forecast the breakout and potentially slow or stop the propagation of the infection. With the use of AI, incorrect information about COVID-19 may be discovered and deleted from social media sites. AI may be used to improve clinical trials for medicines and vaccines against this virus. It may be utilized to create robots that can assist with sanitization tasks and online medical examinations of humans. This technique can generate CT scans, which are necessary for identifying viral pneumonia. The use of this technology is advantageous in the production of equipment for the healthcare system.
2.	Internet of Things (IOT)	The Internet of Things is an automated solution that has resulted in massive development in automated manufacturing, asset management, and so on. It consists of data gathering, transport, analytics, and storage. Data is collected using sensors built into mobile phones, robots, and other devices. The collected data is then sent to the central cloud server for analysis and decision-making.	The Internet of Things is proven to be quite useful in the fight against COVID-19. Drones, for example, are used for surveillance to guarantee the application of quarantine and mask-wearing. This technique may be used to track the source of an outbreak. It can help epidemiologists find patients zero as well as identify those who come into touch with the patients. Patients' compliance with quarantine can be assured. Patients that violate the quarantine can be located. Furthermore, by remotely monitoring in-home patients, this device might provide relief to medical professionals.
3.	Cloud computing (CC)	Cloud computing is a digital technology that involves the distribution of computer system resources such as servers, storage, databases, networking, intelligence, and so on over the internet. This technology enables speedier innovation and more adaptable resources. It leads to lower operating costs and better infrastructure efficiency.	People have been able to continue their digital lives in the current periods of social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic by using programs such as Zoom video, Slack, and Netflix via services such as Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud. In numerous ways, cloud computing can aid in the fight against COVID-19. For example, Salesforce Care is a particularly built solution for healthcare professionals who receive a huge number of requests as a result of COVID-19.
4.	Big data analytics (BD)	Big data is an analytic tool that is ideal for tracking and controlling the global spread of the illness of COVID-19. This technique can store a huge number of patients afflicted by this virus. This technique lays the groundwork for speedier, virtually real-time decision-making reviews. It will aid in the saving of lives and the rapid identification of successful medications.	Big data may be extremely valuable for analyzing and forecasting the coronavirus's spread and impact on individuals. COVID-19 monitors may collect near-real-time data from sources all over the world and then provide scientists, medics, epidemiologists, and policymakers with the most up-to-date information to assist them to make better decisions in the battle against the virus.
5.	3D Scanning	The actual part is converted into CAD digital data through 3D scanning. This method is effective in reverse engineering procedures. This technique is used in medicine to scan the human body and its parts to accurate dimensions. The result of 3D scanning is used to analyze real-world objects and collect data about their shape and appearance. The obtained data may subsequently be used to build the 3D model. This information can be used for a variety of purposes. 3D scanners are very useful in the creation of video games and films.	3D scanning is a non-contact approach that aids in COVID-19 thoracic chest scanning. A valuable tool for detecting and quantifying the COVID-19 virus. Other applications of this technology include virtual reality, motion capture, robotic mapping, and industrial design.
6.	Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)	RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a wireless technology that consists of two components: tags and readers. The reader is a device with one or more antennas that broadcast radio waves and receive signals from RFID tags. Tags can be passive or active, communicating their identification and other information to nearby readers through radio waves. Passive RFID tags do not have batteries and are powered by the reader. Batteries are used to power active RFID tags. RFID tags may contain information ranging from a single serial number to multiple pages of data. Readers can be mobile and carried by hand, or they can be placed on a pole or suspended from the ceiling.(Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), 2018)	RFID systems communicate data using radio waves at various frequencies. RFID technology is used in the following applications in health care and hospital settings: Inventory management Tracking of equipment Fall detection and out-of-bed detection Employee tracking Making certain that patients receive the appropriate drugs and medical devices Keeping counterfeit pharmaceuticals and medical gadgets out of circulation Patients are being monitored. Data collection for electronic medical record systems(Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), 2018),
7.	Blockchain (BC)	Blockchain has the potential to modernize the pharmaceutical industry by introducing three important elements: privacy, transparency, and traceability. It will aid in the industry's laws, practices, privacy, and global regulations. It can also help pharma track and trace drugs using blockchain.(Iredale, 2021)	One of the most significant advantages of blockchain technology is the ability to build an auditable trail and establish medicine provenance throughout the whole supply chain. According to a Pistoia Alliance poll, approximately 70% of pharmaceutical and life science professionals believe blockchain will have the largest influence in this field. With a decentralized blockchain solution, both manufacturers and their customers would be able to independently verify the quality and point of origin of drugs quickly and securely.(Iredale, 2021)

The new industrial revolution will undoubtedly have an impact on how an organization operates, manages resources and employees, employability factors, and the environment.Pharma 4.0 employs cutting-edge technology and approaches to enable intelligent systems, integrated IT systems, IoT systems, and scalable, fully integrated, and automated production systems. The possibility for integration in Pharma 4.0 is immense, with numerous integrated production processes. Pharma 4.0 also provides enhanced resources for product safety compliance, protection of the supply chain, and the promise of producing drugs (Haruna Muhd Inuwa, 2022). The integration of connectivity, artificial intelligence (AI), and robotics to allow systems that run with little to no human participation is the quintessential aspect of an Industry 4.0 environment(Leurent, 2018).

(Fig. the concept for diagram structure taken from(N. Sarah, 2021)).

Industry 4.0 has resulted in the rejuvenation of manufacturing processes. Smart manufacturing, in which several technologies are blended and integrated into traditional production processes, is one of the most widely discussed IoT concepts(M. Ben-Daya, 2019). Manufacturing industries are benefiting from Industry 4.0 potential, with rising networking technologies such as machine-to-machine (M2M) connectivity, 5G, and software-defined networking (SDN)(Xu, Yu, Griffith, & Golmie, 2018). The knowledge gathered in the automated and digital environment of Industry 3.0 enables the widespread adoption of Industry 4.0 in pharmaceutical manufacturing. In contrast to Industry 3.0, which witnessed significant breakthroughs in individual processes and instruments, Industry 4.0 promises advancements in whole production systems and infrastructures.(N. Sarah, 2021).

2.3 Logistics and supply chain management in the pharma sector:-

Logistics is critical in the pharmaceutical industry for getting the right medicine to the right patient at the right time, place, dosage, and, most importantly, at the right price, new medication research, clinical trials, R&D, and packaging have long been the primary emphasis of the Indian pharmaceutical business, but when it comes to logistics, the sector is typically driven by cost rather than quality. This is a very sensitive supply chain where anything less than 100% customer service is unacceptable since it directly affects health and safety.(Ranjan, Study of logistics issues in the Indian pharmaceutical industry, 2012).Supply chain practices are a collection of actions carried out in an organization that aids the business in the successful management of its supply chain by integrating its stakeholders such as manufacturers, distributors, suppliers, and customers(Bhavana Mathur, 2018).

Inbound logistics, where manufacturers buy raw materials from suppliers and turn them into finished goods, is where the pharmaceutical supply chain in India begins. The organization's central warehouses receive finished medications from the production department. The merchandise then moves on to the carrying and forwarding (C&F) agents. C&F agents deliver the products to different stockists, distributors, and wholesalers in accordance with their needs. From these wholesalers, the products are distributed to thousands of retailers throughout the nation. Through these retailers, the medications are finally delivered to the end users(Ranjan, Study of logistics issues in the Indian pharmaceutical industry, 2012).

1. Recommendations: -

Industry 4.0 intends to develop intelligent factories where technologies are converted and enhanced via the use of IoT, CPSs, big data analytics, and cloud computing(Kumar, 2020). Big data analytics, a Supply Chain paradigm, can handle unpredictable scenarios with a great degree of flexibility(Rakesh D.Rauta, 2019). To comprehend the trend, big data analytics and machine learning skills might be utilized(Zeeshan Inamdar, 2022).Industry 4.0 and the technology connected with the Cloud of Things hold great potential for Communication problems. It will be fascinating to examine how these tools prevent incorrect readings of official information. To address the lack of security and safety, appropriate rules are required, as is a distribution plan for situations such as COVID-19(Vaibhav S. Narwane, 2020). Cloud-based solutions can be utilized for education and training(Rakesh D. Raut, 2019).The use of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) can aid in accessing risk and infection, potentially reducing manufacturing load. To deal with 'lack of viability,' one of the promising areas of research is the use of information technology with viability for the integrated Supply chain to investigate their ability to help policymaking for long-term breakdowns(Kumar, 2020).

Industry 4.0 efforts turn a production system and supply chain into a smart production system focused primarily on the cyber-physical interaction of linked parts.This enables the integration of corporate processes and operations, making the production system more flexible, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly(Shan-ShanLia, 2018). Industry 4.0 is about including and integrating the most recent digital technology breakthroughs, as well as the interoperability process

between them. However, the issues today are how to keep these complex networked structures effectively connected and managed within the usage of such technologies, specifically to detect and meet the dynamic requirements of more complicated supply chain stakeholders(RongyanZhou, 2021).Simulation technology is an Industry 4.0 pillar and a viable solution to improving supply chain flexibility and agility by leveraging virtual reality or digital twins to execute Industry 4.0 design principles(William de Paula Ferreira, 2020).RFID technology may aid by delivering data in a fast and precise manner, improving overall process efficiency(BhuvanUnhelkar, 2022).

The key point "close-loop" and "on-line" quality monitoring of continuous processes can be realized using Process Analytical Technology (PAT), real-time data processing, 3D printing, robots, and other techniques emerging from Industry 4.0, resulting in the industry reducing its carbon footprint, improving its energy efficiency, solvent utilization, and mitigating other potential environmental impacts while enhancing the quality and control of the process(BaoyangDing, 2018)(SvenStegemann, 2016)(Krist V.Gernaey, 2012).In contrast to other areas of the smart factory, blockchain is a popular platform for the development of the Supply Chain(Junge, 2019),(Dara G.Schniederjans, 2020).

5G is another rapidly increasing technology, particularly when linked to IoT, however, research into prototypes, adoption strategies, and security problems is still limited(Ianire Taboada, 2021).The rise of pandemic diseases has prompted the use of modern technology to enable tracking, mapping, and understanding of these diseases' behavioral tendencies. As a result, in Supply Chain, innovation and technical features contribute significantly to the efficiency of healthcare facilities(Md Kamal Hossain, 2022).A combination of smartphone apps, cloud platforms, and IoT can be used to create mobile Supply chain management solutions for the pharmaceutical industry that enable the integration of many different processes, beginning with medicine compound suppliers (raw materials used to produce medicines), integrating production between different partners (e.g. medicine production and package production in a different company), supporting logistics to retail pharmacies via mobile devices, and providing digital information(ngelo, 2017).

Future supply chains will necessitate the development of capabilities at multiple levels, including the adoption of new technologies to build resilient digital infrastructure and reconfigurable supply chains(Alexandre Dolgui, 2020). Human capabilities (such as recruiting and training) must also be enhanced to capitalize on new technology and methodologies(F. Galati, 2019),(L.B. Liboni, 2019),(D.G. Schniederjans, 2020).Pharmaceutical enterprises all across the world are confronting issues like global quality standards, healthcare reform, patent expirations, and growing service expectations. To tackle these difficulties, pharmaceutical companies must cut costs, enhance agility, and accelerate time to market. Strategic planning is critical for success in a global and dynamic economy(Rajesh Kr. Singh, 2016).