-Q1:is there a hypothesis that is explicitly stated?Identify it and give evidence to support why you believe it is the hypothesis.Is the stated hypothesis directional (which direction?) or nondirectional?Is there a null hypothesis??If the hypothesis is not explicitly stated, what do you think the research hypothesis might be? Directional or nondirectional? What do you think the null hypothesis would be?

-Q2:Describe the sample population (who, how many, how selected, control of any type)?

- Q3: How was information (data) collected/measured?(Interviews? Observations? Surveys? Focus Groups? Self reports? Likert scale? Frequency counts? Thermometer? Scale? Ranks?).Given information available to you, comment on the validity and reliability of the data collection methods.

Refer below for the article I chose to answer these questions on:

ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER URSING PRACTICE WILEY Psychosocial factors and health practices in pregnancy: A cross-sectional study Esra Guney PhD, Assistant Professor . | Hacer Unver PhD, Assistant Professor @ | Zeynep Bal MSc, Research Assistant . | Tuba Ucar PhD, Associate Professor Department of Midwifery. Faculty of Health Sciences, Indol University, Malatya, Turkey Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate psychosocial, demographic and Correspondence Tuba Ucar. Department of Midwifery, Faculty obstetric factors that affect health practices in pregnancy. of Health Sciences, Inonu University, Malatya, Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with pregnant women Turkey. Email: tuba.ucan@inonu.edu.tr selected by using random sampling in a public hospital in Turkey. The pregnant women (n = 383) completed the Health Practices Questionnaire in Pregnancy, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Multiple linear regression was used to examine predictors of participation in health practices. The variables were subjected to multiple linear regression analysis to estimate the effect of each independent variable (depression, anxiety, perceived social support, age, educational level, gestational week and parity) on the dependent variable aladed for hip forand bray. wiley. amidoi'll ! Ilijn|3031 by Varceasar Mand Unevenly, Wiley Orare Library on [01 12303) Sax the Time and Cond ties tape isand imarysky costars-and-and ton jon Wiley Online Library for nicsofus; DA aricksare grenedby the applicable Creative Commas Lion (health practices) Results: Depression and anxiety were not significantly related to gestational health practices. The multiple linear regression model showed that inadequate social support, low education level, early gestational week and high parity were significant predictors of nonengagement in favourable health practices during pregnancy. Conclusions: Pregnant women with inadequate social support and specific demo- graphic and obstetric characteristics are less likely to participate in gestational health practices. This study suggests that more attention should be paid to these groups to improve the health practices of pregnant women. KEYWORDS anxiety, depression, health practice, nursing, pregnancy, social support Summary statement What is already known about this topic? There are significant effects of health practices in pregnancy on maternal, fetal and newborn health. Some maternal factors may be associated with adverse health practices. What this paper adds? . Social support was a significant predictor of gestational health practices. Int J Nurs Pract. 2022;28:e13021. wileyonlinelibrary.com/joumal/ijn 2021 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Led 1 of 8 http:://daiorg/10.1111/ijn.13021. Low education level, early gestational week and high parity were predictors of nonengagement in favourable health practices during pregnancy. . Depression and anxiety were not significantly related to gestational health practices. The implications of this paper: . Health-care professionals should be aware of psychological factors related to gestational health practices. 1 | INTRODUCTION Although health practices during pregnancy have significant effects on maternal, fetal and newborn health, a limited number of Health behaviours that women perform during pregnancy play an studies have examined predictors of health practices. For example, a essential role for both the baby and mother at the end of the limited number of studies investigated health practices separately pregnancy. Pregnancy health practices may be defined as activities (such as only smoking and only exercise) (Alhusen et al., 2016; that affect pregnancy outcomes, including pregnancy self-health and Lindgren, 2003), but no research was conducted to examine overall fetal and newborn health (Alhusen et al., 2016: Capik et al., 2016; health practices. In a recent study by Omidvar et al. (2018), the rela- Lindgren, 2003). These behaviours include having a balanced diet and tionships between health practices and psychosocial factors were gaining the appropriate amount of weight, exercising regularly, per- investigated, but demographic and obstetric characteristics were not forming routine dental care, being educated about both pregnancy reported. It is necessary to understand factors that affect women's and childbirth, not smoking, not consuming alcohol or illegal sub- health practices to have a healthy pregnancy. stances, not using specific drugs (e.g., teratogens) and avoiding risky This study aimed to address the existing gap in the literature sexual behaviour and other activities that increase potential exposure regarding health practices in pregnancy. To the best of the authors' to other infectious agents (Alhusen et al., 2016; Lindgren, 2001, knowledge, this is the first study to use psychosocial factors such as 2005). While high-quality health practices have a positive impact on anxiety, depression and social support, along with demographic and pregnancy outcomes, risky health behaviours are associated with obstetric factors, regarding their effects on health practices during adverse outcomes. Inadequate health practices during pregnancy may pregnancy. Therefore, this study was designed to answer the follow- cause problems such as low birth weight or spontaneous abortion in ing research questions: the fetus and newborn and haemorrhage or interventional delivery in the mother (Capik et al., 2016: Lindgren, 2001; Ozcan & Kizilkaya 1. Is there a significant effect of sociodemographic and obstetric Beji, 2015). characteristics on health practices during pregnancy? Psychosocial issues (such as depression, anxiety and lack of 2. Is there a significant effect of psychosocial factors (anxiety, social support) during pregnancy have been associated with depression and social support) on health practices during adverse health practices such as malnutrition, inadequate antenatal pregnancy? care, poor obstetric care, history of cigarette smoking and sub- stance abuse including alcohol and drugs (Baron et al, 2015; Yanikkerem et al., 2013) Studies have reported that depressive 2 | METHODS symptoms during pregnancy may increase adverse health outcomes such as smoking, substance use or alcohol use, and vice versa 2.1 | Aim (Alhusen et al., 2016; Forray et al, 2015; Taylor et al., 2017). Addi- tionally, a meta-analysis of healthy individuals (Rebar et al., 2015) The aim of the study was to investigate psychosocial, demographic and a study conducted in pregnant women (Perales et al., 2015) and obstetric factors that affect health practices in pregnancy- demonstrated that physical activity reduced both depression and anxiety. A study showed that women who receive more social sup- port are more likely to seek health information than women who 2.2 | Design receive less social support (Munguambe et al, 2016). Furthermore, demographic and obstetric characteristics such as educational level, This cross-sectional study was conducted in the antenatal outpatient working status, income level, family type, parity, delivery interval clinics of a public hospital located in eastern Turkey. This hospital and partner relationships have been shown to influence health provides health services to pregnant women. According to the hos- practices in previous studies (Ozcan & Kizikaya Beji, 2015; pital records, a total of approximately 16 000 pregnant women Yanikkerem et al., 2013). attended the outpatient clinics annually at this hospital. There aresix polyclinics in the hospital that provide health-care services to obstetric history (history of abortion, curettage and stillbirth) were pregnant women on weekdays (from Monday to Friday]. Most preg- included on the form, which was prepared by the researchers to nant women who visit this hospital visit the outpatient clinics for determine the demographic and descriptive characteristics of the routine follow-ups and check-ups during their pregnancy, and pregnant women in accordance with information in the literature. women with risky pregnancy are referred to the university hospital. The university hospital provides health services to pregnant women with high risk in the region. Pregnant women who do not have any 2.4.2 | Health Practices Questionnaire in Pregnancy health problem are expected to visit the polyclinics at least four (HPQ) times before giving birth. This scale was adapted into Turkish by Er (2006). HPQ has 33 items that addresses the adequacy of health practices in six areas as 2.3 | Sample/participants safety measures, balance of rest and exercise, avoiding use of harmful substances, nutrition, obtaining health care and obtaining While selecting the sample, pregnant women were chosen by the information. The lowest possible score on the scale is 33, and the random sampling method in the related population. The OpenEpi highest score is 165. A high score indicates that health practices Version 3 statistics software, which is open to access for general use, are on a reasonable level. There are no subscales in the Turkish was used to calculate the sample size (http://www.openepi.com). version of HPQ. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale, When the power analysis was performed, the sample size was calcu- which explained its internal consistency, was reported as 0.74, and lated as 383 with a 5% margin of error, 95% confidence interval, 0.80 it was demonstrated to be a highly reliable scale (Er, 2006). In this power of representation and two-way significance level. The inclusion study, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was calculated criteria for the study were the capacity to communicate verbally, as 0.66. being at the age of 18 and older and being at least in the second trimester of pregnancy (13-40 weeks of gestation) (Capik et al., 2016). Pregnant women with a diagnosis of high-risk pregnancy 2.4.3 | Center for Epidemiologic Studies (e.g., antenatal bleeding, abortion risk and heart disease) and those Depression Scale (CES-D) with a diagnosis of psychiatric illness according to the medical records were excluded from the study. The Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale was con- ducted by Spijker et al. (2004). CES-D was designed to measure depressive symptoms and consists of 20 items with a total score 2.4 | Data collection range of 0-60. A high score in CES-D suggests the possibility of depression. It was determined that this scale was a reliable scale, Data were collected from the pregnant women waiting for routine and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was reported as health checks in the hospital polyclinics between January 2020 and 0.87 (Spijker et al., 2004) In this study, the Cronbach's alpha March 2020. The data were collected on weekdays (Monday to coefficient of the scale was determined as 0.91. CES-D has four Friday) in the prenatal education class, which is on the same floor as dimensions: the polyclinics. The researchers collected data with face-to-face inter- views. The data collection process took approximately 15-20 min. 1. Positive affect (good, hopeful, happy and enjoy) Pregnant women were invited to participate in the study, and they Il. Negative affect (blues, depressed, lonely, cry and sad) were first assessed in terms of basic information and inclusion criteria. Ill. Somatic retarded activity (bothered, appetite, effort, sleep and All pregnant women who participated in the study were informed get going) about the purpose and content of the study, and they were explained I. Interpersonal difficulties (unfriendly and dislike) (Spijker that their personal information would be kept confidential. If they et al., 2004) were willing to participate in the study, they filled out informed con- sent forms. Among the pregnant women who were approached, 32 were not included in the study as they stated they had no time for 2.4.4 | Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) the study or did not want to participate. Sampling took place until reaching the determined sample size. This scale was adapted into Turkish by Ulusoy et al. (1998). BAI determines the level of anxiety experienced by individuals. The low- est and highest scores that can be attained in BAI, a scale consisting 2.4.1 | Personal Information Form of 21 items, are 0 and 63. A high score indicates a high level of anxiety. The reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha] of the scale Questions on the pregnant women's age, educational level, working was reported as 0.93 (Ulusoy et al., 1998), whereas in this study, it status, family type, number of pregnancies, gestational week and was 0.82.2.4.5 | Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social the scale of health practices, and the significant variables were put Support (MSPSS) into the model. A P value of <.05 was considered statistically significant. mspss is a scale that developed for measuring per- ceived social support. this assesses perceived support from three principal sources as family items friends and results significant others are scored on likert- type ranging strongly disagree to baseline demographics pregnancy agree examples of related include characteristics really tries help me can talk about my problems with hundred eighty-three pregnant women participated in the try count study. demographic descriptive preg- when things go wrong sig- nant presented table mean age nificant other special person who around years range it determined iam need have real source had high educational level school comfort question regarding refers above did not work nuclear family. which defined specific relationship gestational week allow respondent interpret someone relevant most were multigravidas. them such romantic partner close friend teacher or some majority no history abortion important their life et al. lowest curettage stillbirth respectively score be attained highest scores indicate low there lack adapted into turkish by eker reliability coefficient alpha obstetric reported al study participants n sd ethical considerations less than before starting approval obtained health working status sciences non-interventional clinical research ethics committee written permission explaining collected data would used only scientific purposes published without reporting identifying information including names. traditional analysis yes analysed statistical package windows software chicago il usa methods standard deviation percentile distribution pearson chi-squared test analysis. additionally two-step multiple hierarchical regres- sion identify optimal set predictors practices variable anxiety parity entered block primigravida selected obstetrics variables multigravida researchers put psychosocial model. all sociodemographic abbreviation: deviation.3.2 bivariate correlations hpq education levels p x .001 context under regression model vari- ables depression during included shows pregnancy. indicated ges- presents tational determinants weakly nega- practices. these demonstrated possibility tively positive affect _05 finding indi- late cated increased decreasing number parities increase .157 increased. weak correlation .242: .164 found between signifi- cant r=".116;" respec- tively: .05 showed discussion we aimed determine factors significantly whereas educa- models tion early pre- dictors our affecting using negative posi- tive dimension result parity. independent-samples t-test better comparison women. compare according employ- stated literature individuals make ment histories useful correct decisions therefore an expected outcome having higher quality will enable affect. however matrix somatic retarded activity interpersonal difficulties .063 .435 overall .818 .652 dj andety .414 .356 b. _197 .163 .019 .119 .116 .007 .168 .420 .172 .346 .813 .844 medby abbreviations: bai beck inventory ces-d center epidemiologic studies questionnaire pregnancy-ii multidimensional .01 linear analyses t value ci .000 .970 d.116 .013 .834 .004 .242 unstandardized confidence interval standardized regression. anxiety. affected deter- psychological mined lindgren yet dif- ferent different conclusions. systematic review advanced lower examined weight gain those depres- earlier many sive symptoms fatigue loss appetite both may experienced reason even if woman experiences yanikkerem almost every field factor direct effect overwhelming equally among individual. tional more likely knowledge prenatal low-risk terms arixi- well time access care ser- ety. vices self-care also surprising health-care due demand additional conducted larger sam- first pregnancies routine checks ples risk groups subsequent weeks. understanding problems. at reach differ- limitations ent findings correla- several limitations. based self-reporting. self-reporting ques- essential establishing compatibility tions tobacco use substance practice her developing maintaining might been answered correctly. litera- missed. finally ture states adequate adjust admitted antenatal outpatient clinic pub- thereby increasing self-confidence enabling lic hospital turkey feel stronger thus putting effort caring random sampling method. own needs fetus angley cannot generalized maharlouel provides substantial evidence associations has im wiky ordig library rules us da aride arepoweredby pplable creative commas lion rural spanish traits. postpartum determinant nutrition self- dee supported conclusions thought facilitates bet- critical ter adaptation andguney international journal_wiley nursing week. journal maternal child https: effective baron r. mannien j. te velde klomp t. hutton e. k. brug socio-demographic inequalities across check-ups indicators behaviours carried out regularly nurses midwives primary care: cross-sectional bmc childbirth system. regular enabled participate they prob- capik sakar ejder apay gebelikte saglik uygulamalan ile duygusal zeka arasindaki iliski refereed ems. addressed detail researches ensure participation health- jhd.2016616569 maintain levels. d. arkar h. yaldiz factorial structure validity professionals should evaluate psychology. especially do enough pregnan- er upgulamolan olcegi turkce formunun gecerlik cies interact ve guvenirlik colesmast lamir: ege university throughout science institute. available from: http: default play active role accessed being aware forray. a. gotman n. kershaw. yonkers perinatal prevent participating smoking concurrent use. moreover recommended arrange follow-up visits addictive behaviors addbeh. regard harrison l. taylor f. shields frawley c. attitudes further needed scrutinize find- barriers enablers physical women: sys- ings research. tematic review. physiotherapy. jphys.2017.11.012 acknowledgements kim y. v. hispanic depression. thank authors receive any financial 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