Q4) Identify the following research studies as observational or a controlled experiment. Explain why. a) A study conducted at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and presented by Psychology Today divided female athletes into two groups and had the students perform as many sit-ups as possible in 90 seconds. The first group was told only to 'do your best,' while the second group was told to try to increase the number of sit-ups they did each day by 10%. After 4 days, the first group averaged 43 sit-ups while the second group averaged 56 sit-ups. The conclusion was that athletes who were given specific goals performed better than those who were not given specific goals. b) Data from the Motorcycle Industry Council stated that "Motorcycle owners are getting older and richer." Data were collected on the ages and incomes of motorcycle owners for the years 1980 and 1998 and then compared. The findings showed considerable differences in the ages and incomes of motorcycle owners for the two years