"Qantas Flight 23 to Sydney is now boarding. Please have your boarding passes and passports ready for the attendant at the gate."

Les Collins picked up his briefcase and started toward the jet way. He paused to look around the waiting area and, as had been the case so often here in Houston, he saw nothing to indicate that he was in a foreign country. Certainly the accents were different from in Sydney, but the lan- guage was English and readily understandable. This superficial familiarity, he concluded, must help explain why he had had difficulties adjusting to his role at the Global Oil Company office in Houston.

Global Oil Company, or GOC, was headquartered in Houston, Texas, with partners and sub- sidiaries in countries around the world. Les had worked at GOC's Sydney office for eight years.

before being offered the chance to work at Houston headquarters for two years. His boss, Jim Branson, had encouraged Les to apply for the job in Houston because he knew it would enhance Les's chances for promotion within GOC-Australia. Although Les's familyhis wife and two middle school-age childrenwas not very enthusiastic about the move, he reluctantly applied for the job because he knew it was critical to his success at GOC.

As he settled back in his seat on the flight to Sydney, Les thought back to the day he arrived in Houston over a year ago. Les had left Sydney on a hot, humid day in January and arrived 30 hours later to find Houston almost closed down due to a sleet and ice storm. That juxtaposition of seasons probably should have alerted him that there would be many differences between Australia and the United States. When he hailed a taxi outside the terminal at IAH, the driver looked at him in amazement when Les opened the door to the front seat and sat down next to the driver.

During his first few weeks at the Houston office, everything seemed to go well. He met with his staff to introduce himself and his goals for his two-year assignment. Everyone seemed friendly enough, although he didn't get much feedback at that meeting or in subsequent meet- ings on his request for their ideas and input on how he could fit in and be effective. Thinking that maybe he needed to get to know the staff in a more informal setting, he invited them to join him after work one day at a local pub. Several staff members begged off, citing personal com- mitments, and the three senior managers who did come were clearly uncomfortable and left after about 30 minutes of awkward conversation.

Over the next six months, Les stayed busy learning operations for his area at GOC head- quarters. He met often with his Houston boss, Tom Sanchez, to discuss the changes Tom wanted Les to help him realize during his tenure there.

"I'm counting on you, Les, to help me bring the staff around on the changes we've dis- cussed. Your group hasn't moved nearly as fast as I think they could and that's partly due to the staff's reluctance to change the ways they've always done things. I'm confident that a new leader, especially someone from a completely different country, will convince them of the soundness of what I'm proposing.

"Keep me posted on your progress," Tom concluded, as he walked Les to the reception area outside his office.

One of the things Les noticed soon after arriving in Houston was how many more manage- ment levels the U.S. operation had than comparable offices in Australia. The hierarchy seemed excessive to Les, and he sought to break down some of the communication barriers he perceived by meeting with all staff members in one large meeting.

At one of these meetings, Les brought up the proposed changes in procedures that he had discussed with Sanchez. "I know that some of you may not be in favor of the changes we're pro- posing and I'd like to know your reasons for this. Let's have an open discussion of the changes in general and see where our major disagreement lies."

After a few minutes of silence, one of the senior managers explained his reasons for resisting a change in their reporting procedures for expenses. "I'm not sure that the new method will capture a true picture of expenses and outlay if we change what we're doing now. I'm not opposed to mak- ing changes that improve our workI just am not convinced that the new method will be better."

"Okay, I'd like to hear from others on that specific change. Let's table this discussion," Les said.

The managers and staff at the table looked at each other in confusion at that point. No one said anything for several minutes and Les concluded that no one else had an objection or concern on this particular point. The meeting continued for another hour as Les moved through the list of changes he was charged with making and when no one offered much objection or proposed any alternatives, he concluded that his predecessor and Sanchez had misinterpreted the staff's resis- tance to the changes.

A week later, in a meeting with Bill Crosby, one of the senior managers in his department, Les decided to get his manager's views on how to involve junior managers in decisions and how to encourage their ideas on various topics.

"I notice that in most meetings only the senior managers seem to participate in discussions," Les began. "I'm eager to have more input on some ideas I have for a new marketing plan, and I'm wondering how I can get junior managers and staff to contribute in our meetings."

Bill hesitated before saying, "Sometimes staff are reluctant to put forward ideas when their bosses are in the same meeting. Perhaps you should have some of the senior managers solicit ideas in their own staff meetings and then bring these to the meeting with you."

"But what about the synergy we can create if we have people from different levels discussing an idea together? Especially if the idea will affect the work staff are expected to do. I think there's too much separation of people by level in our department. I'd like to eliminate some of the impediments to collaboration that hierarchy creates," Les said. "What are your thoughts on how to do that?"

"I'll need to take some time to think about that," Bill said. "Maybe we can talk about it in our next one-on-one."

Later that day, during lunch with one of his peers in the company cafeteria, Bill brought up his discussion with Les. "He wants to eliminate some of the barriers that the hierarchy puts in the way of collaboration," Bill began. "What exactly do you think he means by collaboration? We all get along just fine as far as I can see. We cooperate when we need to. And I really don't know how to get staff to speak their minds if they don't want to. I don't feel comfortable forcing anybody to be part of a discussion in a meeting if they prefer to just listen."

At the next all-staff meeting, Les began by handing out a sheet with five topics on it. "Rather than following one of our regular agendas today, I thought we might do a little brainstorming on the topics I've outlined here. As you can see, these topics all relate to marketing, and what we come up with in our discussion can go a long way toward finalizing that plan.

"And here's a twist on our usual meeting protocol: instead of my leading the discussion, I'm going to assign one of these topics to five people and let you take over the discussion."

In thinking about the meeting afterward, Les decided that although it hadn't been a com- plete success, he thought he had made some progress in getting increased participation. When one of the senior managers requested a meeting a couple of days later, Les was surprised at the manager's comments about the meeting.

"I'm sure you were sincere in your request for ideas from everybody but I need to tell you that you made a lot of people very uncomfortable. Staff are not used to leading a discussion with senior managers present. When that staff member is leading a brainstorming session and has to tell a manager that he's out of order because he's criticizing someone's idea, you're putting the staff member in a really awkward position."

"I guess I don't understand," Les said. "The whole point of doing what I did was to break down the barriers that make people feel uncomfortable. I think everybody has good ideas, and I'm trying to figure out how I can get them to share those ideas. I thought putting people in dif- ferent roles would be helpful."

At his next meeting with Tom Sanchez, Les expressed his frustration with achieving as much as he hoped for when he started.

"It just seems as though I'm being stonewalled at every turn. In fact, I've heard that several people are thinking of transferring to another department," Les said. "What am I missing? I've done things just like I do at GOC-Sydney, but the results are not the same.

"Maybe I can make some progress when I get back after vacation. Sometimes three weeks away helps give a different perspective on things."

"Yes, Les," Tom began, "we'll need to talk about this when you get back from vacation. Three weeks is a pretty long time for a senior manager to be gone, but I know you and your family have plans to visit a lot of the national parks in the west, so I reluctantly approved your request. Have a good trip and I'll talk with you when you get back."

When Les returned from vacation, Tom Sanchez was out of the office for a week and they didn't have a chance to meet before Les got word that his mother had passed away suddenly and that he needed to return to Sydney for the funeral. As he headed for Sydney, Les won- dered how he could explain to his former boss in Sydney the problems he was having at GOC headquarters.

"But what about the synergy we can create if we have people from different levels discussing an idea together? Especially if the idea will affect the work staff are expected to do. I think there's too much separation of people by level in our department. I'd like to eliminate some of the impediments to collaboration that hierarchy creates," Les said. "What are your thoughts on how to do that?"

"I'll need to take some time to think about that," Bill said. "Maybe we can talk about it in our next one-on-one."

Later that day, during lunch with one of his peers in the company cafeteria, Bill brought up his discussion with Les. "He wants to eliminate some of the barriers that the hierarchy puts in the way of collaboration," Bill began. "What exactly do you think he means by collaboration? We all get along just fine as far as I can see. We cooperate when we need to. And I really don't know how to get staff to speak their minds if they don't want to. I don't feel comfortable forcing anybody to be part of a discussion in a meeting if they prefer to just listen."

At the next all-staff meeting, Les began by handing out a sheet with five topics on it. "Rather than following one of our regular agendas today, I thought we might do a little brainstorming on the topics I've outlined here. As you can see, these topics all relate to marketing, and what we come up with in our discussion can go a long way toward finalizing that plan.

"And here's a twist on our usual meeting protocol: instead of my leading the discussion, I'm going to assign one of these topics to five people and let you take over the discussion."

In thinking about the meeting afterward, Les decided that although it hadn't been a com- plete success, he thought he had made some progress in getting increased participation. When one of the senior managers requested a meeting a couple of days later, Les was surprised at the manager's comments about the meeting.

"I'm sure you were sincere in your request for ideas from everybody but I need to tell you that you made a lot of people very uncomfortable. Staff are not used to leading a discussion with senior managers present. When that staff member is leading a brainstorming session and has to tell a manager that he's out of order because he's criticizing someone's idea, you're putting the staff member in a really awkward position."

"I guess I don't understand," Les said. "The whole point of doing what I did was to break down the barriers that make people feel uncomfortable. I think everybody has good ideas, and I'm trying to figure out how I can get them to share those ideas. I thought putting people in dif- ferent roles would be helpful."

At his next meeting with Tom Sanchez, Les expressed his frustration with achieving as much as he hoped for when he started.

"It just seems as though I'm being stonewalled at every turn. In fact, I've heard that several people are thinking of transferring to another department," Les said. "What am I missing? I've done things just like I do at GOC-Sydney, but the results are not the same.

"Maybe I can make some progress when I get back after vacation. Sometimes three weeks away helps give a different perspective on things."

"Yes, Les," Tom began, "we'll need to talk about this when you get back from vacation. Three weeks is a pretty long time for a senior manager to be gone, but I know you and your family have plans to visit a lot of the national parks in the west, so I reluctantly approved your request. Have a good trip and I'll talk with you when you get back."

When Les returned from vacation, Tom Sanchez was out of the office for a week and they didn't have a chance to meet before Les got word that his mother had passed away suddenly and that he needed to return to Sydney for the funeral. As he headed for Sydney, Les won- dered how he could explain to his former boss in Sydney the problems he was having at GOC headquarters.

Discussion Questions

3-11. Using Geert Hofstede's cultural characteristics, compare Australia and the United States on vari- ous measures. As you'll see, the two countries are fairly similar, but there are some differences that may help explain Les Collins's apparent lack of success in the American setting. Which of these you think is the most significant and why?

3-12. What could GOC have done to prepare Collins for his assignment in the United States? Outline an action plan for companies to use in preparing executivesand their familiesfor international assignments.

3-13. Articulate and evaluate your own opinion about the degree of distance prevalent in U.S. companies between managers and their direct reports. Who is protected by this management style? What ad- verse organizational impacts might result from this style?