Quality of design refer to the degree to which goods and service achieve the intent of the designers based on marketing and other information. Business organizations that achieve good quality benefit in a variety of ways, including a positive reputation for quality, increased customer loyalty, and lower production costs. Medical malpractice claims are an example of how poor quality can affect an organization through liability. The primary difference between internal failures and external failures is time and place of discovery of the failure. Cost of inspectors, testing, test equipment, and labs are examples of prevention costs. A lower control limit must by definition be a value no greater than an upper control limit. The amount of inspection needed is governed by the costs of inspection and the expected costs of passing defective items. A process that exhibits random variability would be judged to be out of control. If a point on a control chart falls outside one of the control limits, this suggests that the process output is nonrandom and should be investigated. Range charts are used mainly with attribute data. Process capability compares process variability to the tolerances. Aggregate planners are concerned with the quality and quantity of expected demand. Organizations facing seasonal changes in demand are prevented from using aggregate planning techniques. An advantage of a "chase" strategy for aggregate planning is that inventories can be kept relatively low