QUESTION 1 1. Dr. Cummings conducts an experiment on memory using participants above the age of 65. All people above the age of 65 would make up the a. population b. sample c. census d. subgroup QUESTION 2 1. Researchers often use a coding system to associate data with a particular participant during the course of a research study in order to a. deceive participants b. reduce the risk of fraud c. help protect confidentiality d. help with data analysis QUESTION 3 1. Which statistic was developed to correct problems with inter-rater reliability? a. Cohen's kappa b. Kuder-Richardson formula 20 c. Spearman-Brown formula d. Cronbach's alpha QUESTION 4 1. If a frequency distribution is shown in a bar graph, what scale was used to measure the scores? a. nominal or ordinal b. ratio only c. interval or ratio d. nominal only QUESTION 5 1. Limiting individual differences is a way to a. standardize procedures b. standardize treatment settings c. reduce the variance within treatments d. maximize the variance within treatments QUESTION 6 1. What is the definition of variance? a. the average squared distance from the mean b. the average distance from the mean c. the square root of the average distance from the mean d. the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores QUESTION 7 1. The most commonly used descriptive statistics for a set of numerical scores are the mean and the a. median b. standard deviation c. mode d. range QUESTION 8 1. In a hypothesis test, standard error measures a. variability for the sample data b. the size of the treatment effect c. the likelihood of a Type I or Type II error d. the amount of difference expected just by chance QUESTION 9 1. Which general category of statistical methods is intended to answer questions about populations by using sample data? a. inferential statistics b. parameters c. statistics d. descriptive statistics QUESTION 10 1. Statistical techniques that summarize, organize, and simplify data are best classified as statistics. a. inferential b. descriptive c. sample d. population QUESTION 11 1. The most commonly used descriptive statistics for a set of numerical scores are the mean and the a. mode b. standard deviation c. range d. median QUESTION 12 1. The bivariate table: Displays variables with small differences that have high covariation Is a table in which two or more variables are cross-classified and vary systematically Is a table in which two variables are cross-classified and vary systematically Only includes dependent variables QUESTION 13 1. The appropriate summary measure for ordinal data is: range median mean mode QUESTION 14 1. The appropriate summary measure for interval variables is the: Range Median Mode Mean QUESTION 15 1. Why might a secondary data analysis be beneficial in research? When small sets of data across small spans of time would be needed for data analysis When cost is not a factor and the research budget is high When immersing oneself into the research environment would be dangerous to participants and/or researchers and/or impossible When data sets needed are limited QUESTION 16 1. Content analysis: is of limited use in research settings cannot provide information about the person sending the message makes inferences about the effects of a message on recipients is the study of human behavior QUESTION 17 1. Which chart for data organization allows the user to display multiple variables? Bar chart Histogram Pie chart Line graph