a) The stability and strength of a frame may be enhanced by the infill wall, but for design purposes the frame is considered independently therefore settlement of the frame and differential thermal movement must be absorbed between the two elements. Possible constructional form of a lintel is shown in Fig. 1 below. What stresses is the reinforcing bar included supposed to withstand or resist? KN, 9 Fig. 1 b) What description would you give to the structural capability of a member to the actual load applied to it to ensure the total functioning of the structure which is also, applied to the strength of material more especially the reliability of it. AP, 9 c) The working stress method is based upon the concept of permissible stresses. Permissible stresses are obtained by dividing the ultimate strength of concrete or yield strength of steel by appropriate factor of safety. Distinguish between permissible stress and ultimate stress with examples and supporting explanation. AN,8