QUESTION 1

If a researcher manipulates an independent variable in a between-subjects design but fails to use random assignment to create the groups, then this study is an example of ___________ research.

quasi-experimental

experimental

correlational

observational

QUESTION 2

Which of these correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship?

.67

-.74

.50

.43

QUESTION 3

What determines whether a study is experimental or correlational?

Whether the variables are quantitative or categorical

Whether a variable is manipulated or all variables are measured

Whether a correlation analysis can be used with the data

Whether the study takes place in a lab setting or a natural setting

QUESTION 4

A study finds that people who spend less time on social media are more optimistic. This is an example of a _______ relationship.

restricted

positive

nonlinear

negative

QUESTION 5

In correlational research, researchers do not have experimental control over extraneous variables. However, they may use _________ control to try to account for the potential influence of other variables.

partial

focused

statistical

correlational

QUESTION 6

A researcher asks the members of a church if she can join their congregation to observe and record their religious and spiritual behaviors in the members' typical environment. After the congregation agrees, she attends services and prayer meetings and discusses aspects of the religion with the group. This is an example of ________.

Disguised participant observation

Disguised naturalistic observation

Undisguised participant observation

Undisguised naturalistic observation

QUESTION 7

The ________ effect is an example of reactivity.

Little Albert

Hawthorne

coding

structured

QUESTION 8

Researchers identify 4,000 three-year-old children in South Carolina living in food deserts, areas with limited access to grocery stores and other sources of affordable and nutritious food. They ask the children's parents to finish a survey assessing the children's physical and mental health every six months for ten years. This is an example of _________ research.

cross-sectional

cohort

cross-sequential

longitudinal

QUESTION 9

Amir conducts a survey asking undergraduate students about how often they exercise and how stressed they are. He finds a strong correlation between stress and exercise in his sample. However, he can think of two possible explanations. It could be that exercise reduces stress. Or, it could be that people who are less stressed find it easier to exercise. This is an example of ________.

the third-variable problem

spurious correlation

restriction of range

the directionality problem

QUESTION 10

A correlation analysis is for ________, while a regression analysis if for ________.

explanation; prediction

prediction; description

description; prediction

prediction; explanation