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Question 1. If you assume an association is harmful (i.e. athlete and increase in the risk of bone fractures) . Would the confounding caused by

Question 1. If you assume an association is harmful (i.e. athlete and increase in the risk of bone fractures) . Would the confounding caused by not controlling for low intake of calcium result in the Odds Ratio (OR)being an underestimate or overestimate of the true effect?

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