Question $1$

Induction is

a$.$ in Kuhn's terminology, an anomaly that arises in response to a paradigm shift

b$.$ inference in which the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion

c$.$ the $"$D$"$ part of a D$-$N explanation

d$.$ inference from premises about objects that we have examined to conclusions about objects of the same sort that we haven't examined