Question 1 (Refer to Sections 1.1-1.3, 2.2-2.6)

The data file A1Q1.csv contains nutritional data on people involved in a study of patients that had an elective surgical procedure during a three-year period to biopsy or remove a lesion of the lung, colon, breast, ovary, or uterus that was found to be non-cancerous.

a) Discuss in one or two sentences whether you think the referenced study appears to be an observational study or an experimental study. Provide at least one reason for your answer.

b) In one or two sentences, describe a population that this data could be used to make an inference about.

c) If the researchers want to display the relationship between the variables 'Age' and 'Smoker', what type of plot would be best suited for this? Explain your answer in one or two sentences.

d) If the researchers want to display the relationship between the variables 'Fibre' and 'Cholesterol' what type of plot would be best suited for this? Explain your answer in one or two sentences.

e) Draw a histogram for the variable 'Fibre' and include an appropriate title and axis titles. In one or two sentences, describe the shape of the distribution and what would be the most appropriate measure of centre for this data.

f) Draw a side-by-side boxplots for the variables 'Age' and 'Calories'. These can be created using StatKey or another technology. Include the plot/s with appropriate titles and axis labels in your assignment. In one or two sentences, make two relevant comparisons for the different Age groups

ID	Age	Calories (per day)	Fibre (g/day)	Cholesterol (mg/day)	Smoker
84	18-24	2558.9	12.3	324.5	No
97	18-24	2733	5.1	440.3	Yes
226	18-24	1511.7	10.2	190.3	No
164	18-24	2219.1	13.1	415.8	No
266	18-24	3021.9	11.4	466.3	No
101	25-34	1517.4	5.9	127.6	Former
151	25-34	928.4	6	120.7	No
128	25-34	1663.3	7.6	124.7	No
222	25-34	1987.2	9.8	156.1	Former
180	25-34	1127.6	7.4	183.4	Former
181	25-34	2919.5	14.3	370	Former
229	25-34	1200.6	8.7	208.7	Yes
285	25-34	1600.9	14.2	171.2	No
56	25-34	2237.4	22.6	180.6	No
248	25-34	1041.6	6	139.5	No
258	25-34	1631	13.8	189.5	No
289	25-34	2476.2	14.3	263.5	Former
22	25-34	1437.3	8.8	160.9	Yes
44	25-34	1456.5	8.5	182.7	Former
68	25-34	1631.5	8.5	277.1	Former
79	25-34	2264.3	13.4	396.5	Yes
119	25-34	1646.2	13.2	174.9	Yes
314	25-34	2729.6	13.2	381.8	Yes
189	25-34	1678.2	12.9	147.3	Yes
212	25-34	3328.4	20	425.5	Yes
228	25-34	2703.4	11.4	284.3	No
267	25-34	1918.4	16.1	202.2	No
275	25-34	2170.3	15.2	175.2	Yes
294	25-34	3511.1	13.9	444.7	No
32	25-34	3144.8	17.6	308.8	Yes
60	25-34	1878.2	9.6	265.8	No
75	25-34	3457.2	17.5	452.8	No
144	25-34	3228	14.4	718.8	Former
169	25-34	1622.4	12.9	214.8	Yes
204	25-34	1366.8	6.2	196	No
207	25-34	2814.6	16.8	399.3	Yes
276	25-34	2271.1	10.4	574.2	No
304	25-34	1835.9	23	184.2	Yes
23	25-34	2062.7	13.6	190.5	No
232	25-34	2118.1	20.1	170	No
239	25-34	1076.2	6.1	78.3	Former
280	25-34	1148.7	9.8	173.4	Former
302	25-34	3103.7	18.1	431	Former
9	35-44	1800.5	20.3	233.6	No
82	35-44	1575.5	7	216.2	Former
154	35-44	1555.6	11.5	174.1	No
170	35-44	3114	14.9	432.3	Yes
184	35-44	1884.8	11.1	518	No
301	35-44	2466.9	9.6	331.9	Yes
87	35-44	1887.4	6	211.7	Yes
199	35-44	2342.3	19.2	389.4	Yes
206	35-44	1240.7	6.9	116	No
211	35-44	2045.3	13.2	271.9	No
233	35-44	1414.6	13.7	135.8	No
252	35-44	798.2	7.9	46.3	Yes
290	35-44	1959.3	6.7	326.7	Former
309	35-44	2838.8	24	252.4	Yes
37	35-44	1778.1	10.8	332.6	Yes
38	35-44	1147.9	7.3	117	Yes
40	35-44	2035.5	22.1	205.3	No
85	35-44	839	4.7	66.5	No
107	35-44	1653.2	12.5	162.6	Yes
115	35-44	1902.8	8.2	178.6	Former
125	35-44	1645.7	6.6	225.9	No
161	35-44	1688.1	17.1	141.1	Yes
215	35-44	1034.4	8.9	118.5	Former
240	35-44	2094.5	17.3	193.4	No
249	35-44	2010.4	16	362.4	No
3	35-44	2372.3	19.1	257.9	Yes
59	35-44	2190.7	17.7	192.1	No
134	35-44	1662.7	15.7	163.7	Former
174	35-44	1149	8.6	122.5	Yes
190	35-44	1390.4	10.8	195.1	No
197	35-44	1432.1	6.3	131.9	Yes
205	35-44	1550	12.1	253.2	No
255	35-44	2585.3	21.1	429.5	Yes
279	35-44	1619.3	8.4	310.1	No
39	35-44	1951.4	4.7	461.1	Former
113	35-44	1256.7	5.3	133.6	No
137	35-44	1187.8	11.6	154.9	Yes
143	35-44	1368.9	14.4	314.9	No
162	35-44	1719.3	18.4	164.6	Yes
247	35-44	1829.2	15.6	178.4	No
256	35-44	1906.5	10.4	265.9	No
4	35-44	2449.5	26.5	332.6	Yes
6	35-44	1366.9	9.6	154.6	Yes
12	35-44	1638.2	14.9	130.7	No
123	35-44	2431.9	17.8	364.6	Yes
192	35-44	742.3	5.9	133.9	No
257	35-44	3014.9	14.4	900.7	No
282	35-44	833	5.5	145.3	Former
34	35-44	2419.3	16.2	325.2	No
77	35-44	3258.3	26.2	341.7	Yes
96	35-44	1055	12.9	220	No
114	35-44	1823.7	14.6	188	No
132	35-44	1372.7	9.5	182.5	Yes
186	35-44	1444.6	6.8	280.1	Former
210	35-44	1197.7	4.9	135.6	No
220	35-44	1102.8	5.3	329.8	Former
221	35-44	1496.7	5.9	239.8	No
241	35-44	1823	12.1	196.9	Yes
283	35-44	1808.4	10.5	176.1	Yes
296	35-44	2685.1	11.1	432.4	Former
303	35-44	2046.9	13.1	334.2	No
83	35-44	1785.4	10	288	Yes
122	35-44	1084.3	21.8	105.7	Former
159	35-44	2347.3	12.5	249.3	No
214	35-44	1737.4	16.3	211.7	No
218	35-44	1051.2	10.9	165.5	No
219	35-44	1730.1	16.6	196.1	No
231	35-44	1434.9	11.2	281.1	No
253	35-44	3099.2	19	469.3	Yes
31	35-44	1786.9	10.6	247	Yes
55	35-44	1472.7	12.2	216.3	No
95	35-44	3711	14.9	469.2	Yes
126	35-44	2075.9	17.3	271.8	No
163	35-44	2501.6	19.5	343	Yes
168	35-44	2000.8	14.8	200.9	No
203	35-44	2038.5	17.1	232.3	No
236	35-44	1626.3	7.9	157.5	No
269	35-44	3449.7	20.5	381.3	No
291	35-44	1695.3	17.7	147.3	Yes
36	35-44	1810	17.5	253.1	Former
57	35-44	1446.2	9.5	208.8	Former
86	35-44	2391.3	20.6	283.3	Yes
98	35-44	1660.1	13.6	89	Yes
146	35-44	1220.9	14	99.2	No
167	35-44	1427.2	8.3	195	Former
193	35-44	1148.5	7.1	139.2	No
224	35-44	1525.6	7.9	179.4	No
265	35-44	1292.6	10.4	186.5	Yes
272	35-44	1877.4	7.7	211.6	Former
308	35-44	3183.1	6.9	378.8	Former
76	45-54	1126.7	12.5	71.8	Yes
129	45-54	1601.4	8.8	255.8	Yes
165	45-54	1827.7	10.4	267.5	Yes
183	45-54	1366.6	12.9	141.2	No
217	45-54	1481.8	10.4	336.9	Former
260	45-54	2319	13.4	305.7	No
312	45-54	1841.1	14.1	257.7	No
315	45-54	1627	9.9	195.6	No
72	45-54	2052.4	10.2	195.2	Yes
100	45-54	2667.5	10.1	550.5	Former
140	45-54	2706.7	16.8	416	Yes
141	45-54	1546	10.3	284.8	No
150	45-54	1182.9	5.2	164.5	No
155	45-54	1581.7	12.3	170.1	No
160	45-54	1207.1	11.6	155.1	No
225	45-54	1342.2	5.9	215.4	No
227	45-54	1570.1	13.7	145.7	Former
262	45-54	1422.8	7.8	206.3	Yes
264	45-54	740.6	5.3	113.9	No
311	45-54	2263.6	19.4	306.5	Yes
108	45-54	1076.6	22.5	138.8	Yes
208	45-54	1612.5	9	149.9	Yes
250	45-54	2120.8	17	185.9	No
300	45-54	1927.6	10.7	359.1	No
58	45-54	2908.5	16.4	511.6	Yes
63	45-54	2893.3	18.8	256.7	No
178	45-54	1242.1	13.3	148.4	Yes
187	45-54	445.2	5	102.8	No
188	45-54	1849.8	13.8	549.1	No
196	45-54	1738.9	12.2	205.9	No
238	45-54	1600.7	11.2	180.1	Yes
310	45-54	2021.1	16.6	299.1	Yes
45	45-54	1656.3	13.3	180.3	No
110	45-54	1511.7	16.1	200.5	Yes
118	45-54	1574	14.1	440.6	Yes
131	45-54	1010.6	9.1	98.8	No
145	45-54	2825.8	7.5	374.3	Yes
179	45-54	1099.4	5.2	169.9	No
198	45-54	3098.9	25.2	447.6	No
201	45-54	1292.8	10.6	180.7	Yes
202	45-54	784.4	4.9	97.4	Former
277	45-54	1469.9	12.1	118.8	Yes
281	45-54	2512	30.2	168.5	No
313	45-54	1125.6	11.9	150.5	No
26	45-54	1113	12.9	104.8	No
50	45-54	2340.4	11.3	260.7	Former
51	45-54	1902.9	35.4	175.6	No
80	45-54	2026	11.2	268.2	No
171	45-54	2012	14.3	456.9	No
172	45-54	2106.4	12.9	344.3	Yes
99	45-54	1952.7	17.9	201.3	Yes
142	45-54	1324	12.7	151	No
288	45-54	2166.9	15.6	349.1	No
148	45-54	828.2	6.1	141.1	Yes
191	45-54	1749.9	12.1	226.5	No
216	45-54	2083.9	8.8	328.1	No
230	45-54	1891.6	17.6	226	No
24	45-54	1276.5	9	143.5	Yes
41	45-54	1248.6	8.2	223.2	No
88	45-54	2798.2	17.7	239	Former
209	45-54	1576.3	13.5	308.9	No
244	45-54	1996.1	9.2	436.8	Former
152	45-54	4373.6	22.9	814.7	No
176	45-54	1580.6	9.4	98.3	Yes
271	45-54	1724.7	18.2	173.3	No
293	45-54	1392.2	12.9	87.5	No
10	55-64	1263.6	15.5	171.9	Yes
54	55-64	1896.1	9.3	296.8	Yes
117	55-64	2328.3	13.9	281.9	No
195	55-64	1162.5	5.6	175.2	Former
273	55-64	2272.6	10.9	269.2	Yes
292	55-64	2307.8	18.4	487.8	Yes
21	55-64	2433.6	19.9	271.2	Yes
35	55-64	2712.7	13.4	242.6	Yes
48	55-64	1566.5	6.5	408	No
61	55-64	1436.8	9.4	183.3	No
74	55-64	1743.8	13.2	349.6	Former
92	55-64	2225.1	10.4	283.7	Yes
112	55-64	1830	13.8	689.4	No
185	55-64	1494.5	6.8	111.5	Yes
237	55-64	2210.7	10.5	340.1	Yes
13	55-64	2072.9	9.6	420	No
20	55-64	1101.4	8.5	197.2	Yes
121	55-64	1288.7	10.6	200.2	No
213	55-64	2513.3	10.6	428.1	Yes
8	55-64	1595.6	10.9	214.1	No
43	55-64	1538.1	14.2	231.2	Yes
104	55-64	2186.2	14.9	263.8	No
158	55-64	1249.6	14.7	97.2	No
173	55-64	1546.6	15.1	192.8	Yes
234	55-64	2192.3	14.2	173.5	Yes
25	55-64	2114.8	14.9	239.9	No
53	55-64	1333.8	16.9	84	No
109	55-64	1506.7	14.6	239.2	Former
175	55-64	659.3	7	102	Yes
297	55-64	1327	9.3	341	Yes
28	55-64	2837.3	33.8	192.1	No
70	55-64	1570.1	19.3	158.3	No
17	55-64	1751.1	8.4	160.3	Yes
27	55-64	1323	11.4	155.8	Yes
47	55-64	1588.1	7.4	362.6	No
73	55-64	1823	17.4	256.8	Yes
284	55-64	2115.4	23.9	189.5	Yes
166	55-64	1282.3	13.6	100.6	No
261	55-64	1655.9	15.1	177.3	No
1	55-64	1298.8	6.3	170.3	Yes
16	55-64	2868.5	15	379.5	Yes
120	55-64	1828	14.7	87.9	No
200	55-64	2319.9	22.3	155.3	No
251	55-64	1008.4	5.6	37.7	No
254	55-64	2055.7	13	248.4	Yes
7	65-74	2213.9	28.7	255.1	No
29	65-74	2055.9	15.9	226.5	No
62	65-74	6662.2	11.3	603	Former
66	65-74	1220.7	16.5	152.8	No
81	65-74	1747.6	10.9	244.8	No
138	65-74	1446.2	10.8	127.9	No
295	65-74	1276	12	87.3	No
11	65-74	1460.8	18.2	137.4	Yes
14	65-74	987.5	10.3	254.9	No
15	65-74	1574.3	7.1	361.5	No
42	65-74	3184.8	16.8	362.6	Yes
64	65-74	1902.4	17.7	216.7	Yes
116	65-74	958.5	8.3	108.6	No
127	65-74	1563.7	12	300.9	No
268	65-74	2086.6	16	112.8	No
307	65-74	1762.1	16.5	240.3	No
106	65-74	2021.2	13.3	417.6	Yes
287	65-74	849.2	10.9	91.7	No
306	65-74	1049.2	9.6	247.2	Yes
19	65-74	1628.5	11.6	512.3	No
49	65-74	827.9	8.7	79.8	Yes
89	65-74	2654.9	23.3	248	Former
102	65-74	1711.4	10.8	332.4	Yes
103	65-74	1756.4	8.8	500.3	Yes
147	65-74	1174.7	9.9	89.9	No
278	65-74	2332.2	19.7	286.7	Yes
91	65-74	1235.9	9.6	142	No
136	65-74	2005.8	8.5	121.2	No
153	65-74	1387.7	11.2	114	No
156	65-74	1397.4	9.2	228.5	No
194	65-74	1730.6	14.4	363.1	No
223	65-74	2017.2	7.6	195.8	No
274	65-74	1514.4	14.2	97.5	Former
30	65-74	1285.8	10.6	353.4	Yes
157	65-74	1305.4	10.2	72.7	Yes
177	65-74	1850.5	16.1	247.9	Yes
259	65-74	1399.5	9.6	260	Yes
299	65-74	1215.8	12.3	110.8	No
5	65-74	1952.1	16.2	170.8	No
52	65-74	1111.9	10.2	69.4	No
67	65-74	1247.7	10.2	347.9	Yes
139	65-74	976.7	3.1	99.6	Yes
78	65-74	2833.7	14.6	365	Yes
94	65-74	1666.8	13.3	747.5	Yes
124	65-74	2453.5	10.3	516.5	Former
243	65-74	840.6	8.2	81.1	No
270	65-74	1186.4	10.5	119.7	Yes
298	65-74	853.1	6.3	160.5	Yes
305	65-74	1678.5	6.3	249.5	Former
33	65-74	1241	10.8	206.1	Former
69	65-74	818.1	6.6	55.4	Yes
90	65-74	1202	11.4	59.2	No
130	65-74	1718.9	15	272.7	No
133	65-74	1837	13.6	383.6	No
242	65-74	1512.1	8.7	182.8	No
245	65-74	2171.6	20.4	176.3	No
18	75+	1407.6	20.8	144.1	Yes
46	75+	1396.8	13.2	99.3	No
182	75+	1049.1	8	188.9	No
235	75+	1380.6	13.5	201.6	No
263	75+	2511.5	36.8	228.3	No
2	75+	1032.5	15.8	75.8	No
93	75+	866.9	9.8	59.7	No
105	75+	2075.2	21.4	228.8	No
246	75+	1481.4	11.2	191.7	Yes
65	75+	1531.6	5.4	168	Yes
286	75+	647.7	3.7	87.5	No
149	75+	1708.1	15.1	224.7	No
71	75+	1331.2	7.7	380.7	No
111	75+	1933.6	11.1	224.7	Yes
135	75+	1534.7	26.3	77.5	No