Question 11 pts TRUE /FALSE: Please answer the following questions as true (mostly true) or false (mostly false). In other words, which answer does it lean more towards in your opinion.

One task of research is to study a subset of the population and try to make inferences about the whole population.

Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 2 Question 21 pts To determine the causes of behavior, a researcher usually conducts an correlational study (i.e. observe and measure) followed by a true experimental study (i.e. manipulate, control, and measure). Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 3 Question 31 pts Descriptive statistics are used to make inferences about the population. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 4 Question 41 pts If one measured the height of all the women at a university and took an average height of the group, the university women would be a representative sample of the population of all university women in the world. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 5 Question 51 pts With proper sampling techniques, each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 6 Question 61 pts All measurement scales possess magnitude, equal intervals between adjacent units, and an absolute zero point. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 7 Question 71 pts With an ordinal scale one cannot be certain that the magnitude of the distance between intervals is the same. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 8 Question 81 pts It is possible to measure an item to its absolute weight. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 9 Question 91 pts A discrete variable is the number of students in a classroom, while a continuous variable is the height of each student. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 10 Question 101 pts The goal in psychological research is to discern unusual and rare events in order to find repeatable patterns. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 11 Question 111 pts In grouping scores together in a frequency table, the wider the intervals, the more information that is lost. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 12 Question 121 pts If a curve is skewed, most of the scores occur at one end of the horizontal axis and the curve tails off toward the other end of the horizontal axis. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 13 Question 131 pts The percentile rank of a score is equal to the percentage of scores in the distribution that fall below the score in question. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 14 Question 141 pts The median and the 50th percentile rank will always have the same value. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 15 Question 151 pts Z scores allow a researcher to compare positions of scores between two or more different normal distributions. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 16 Question 161 pts Z scores transform raw scores into standard scores by determining how many standard deviations from the median they are. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 17 Question 171 pts Every distribution, when converted to Z scores, will always have the same mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 18 Question 181 pts A Z score is also a percentile rank. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 19 Question 191 pts Regression lines are used for comparison of two variables to determine similarity. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 20 Question 201 pts Regression relationships can be linear, curvilinear, not exist, perfect or imperfect. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 21 Question 211 pts The regression line is the line which best describes (fits) the relationship between two distributions. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 22 Question 221 pts If a researcher knows the slope and the y-intercept of the regression line, he can graph the line in order to make predictions. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 23 Question 231 pts The regression line minimizes prediction errors. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 24 Question 242 pts This is an extra credit question. We did not study this, however, based on what we have learned, you might be able to reason it out for two points:

The standard error of estimate gives the average deviation of prediction errors around the correlation line.

Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 25 Question 251 pts Correlation coefficients (like Pearson's r) have the same slope as the slope of the regression line. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 26 Question 261 pts Pearson's correlation transforms raw data into z-scores, while linear regression does no such transformation of raw data. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 27 Question 271 pts Correlation measures quantitatively the magnitude and direction of the relationship. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 28 Question 281 pts Descriptive statistics is for describing the sample data, while inferential statistics is for describing populations. Group of answer choices

True

False Flag question: Question 29 Question 291 pts MULTIPLE CHOICE: Answer the following by choosing the best answer, the one that best fits what is being asked.

Research methods are being used today because of:

Group of answer choices

the need for information to solve social problems.

program costs becoming increasingly more expensive.

the media's interest in popular psychology.

both a and b above.

all of the above. Flag question: Question 30 Question 301 pts The advantages of the scientific method are: Group of answer choices

it provides reliable knowledge without intuition.

its findings will always be true.

it gives certain (absolute) knowledge.

it can potentially explain all behavior.

b and c above. Flag question: Question 31 Question 311 pts Accepting the information in a professor's lecture without question is a reliance on: Group of answer choices

intuition.

authority.

scientific evidence.

logical reasoning. Flag question: Question 32 Question 321 pts The purposes of behavioral research is to: Group of answer choices

describe and interpret behavior.

predict and make assumptions about behavior.

determine the causes of behavior.

explain and theorize about behavior.

all of the above. Flag question: Question 33 Question 331 pts When one analyzes data based on a sample, one calculates a: Group of answer choices

parameter.

variable.

constant.

statistic. Flag question: Question 34 Question 341 pts Mathematical methods used to draw tentative conclusions about a population based on sample data are referred to as: Group of answer choices

descriptive statistics.

sample statistics.

inferential statistics.

random sampling.

regression analysis. Flag question: Question 35 Question 351 pts If the values of X are 3, 6, 8, 4, 1, what is the value for (X-2+4)? (Show your work on scratch paper.) Group of answer choices

22

27

32

34

40 Flag question: Question 36 Question 361 pts From the information given in Question #35, what is the value of (X)/N ? (Show your work on scratch paper.) Group of answer choices

4.4

4.6

5.0

5.2 Flag question: Question 37 Question 371 pts Using the order of operations, which of the following processes are used to determine the value of (X)2/N? Group of answer choices

Square each X, then add the squares together, and then divide the total by N.

Add up all the X's, then divide the sum by N, and then square the total.

Add up all the X's, then square the sum, and then divide the total by N.

Square each X, divide each square by N, then sum the total.

There is not enough information given in order to proceed. Flag question: Question 38 Question 381 pts Classifying subjects on the basis of gender is an example of what kind of measurement scale? Group of answer choices

nominal.

ordinal.

interval.

ratio.

gender. Flag question: Question 39 Question 391 pts Using an ordinal scale to measure leadership, which of the following statements is appropriate for the type of measurement scale? Group of answer choices

Person A has twice as much leadership ability as Person B.

Person X has no leadership ability.

Person Y has the most leadership ability.

Leadership is not measurable.

All of the above. Flag question: Question 40 Question 401 pts Counting the number of legs on a centipede (a bug) is an example of a ___________ measurement scale.

centipede ( a bug with lots of legs)

Group of answer choices

nominal.

ordinal.

interval/ratio.

variable.

continuous. Flag question: Question 41 Question 411 pts A problem with using the "commonsense" (tradition) approach to gain knowledge is that: Group of answer choices

the ideas are usually untestable.

everybody knows their notions are true so testing them is unnecessary.

commonsense notions are often incorrect when scientifically studied.

one should not question established fact. Flag question: Question 42 Question 421 pts A researcher investigated the relationship between test length and grades in a course. She found that students who took longer exams received better grades than students who took shorter exams. The independent variable in this study was: Group of answer choices

test grades.

class size.

gender of the students.

length of the test. Flag question: Question 43 Question 431 pts From the information given in Question #42, the dependent variable was: Group of answer choices

test grades.

class size.

gender of the students.

length of the test. Flag question: Question 44 Question 441 pts From the information given in Question #42, what type of relationship between test length and grades was found? Group of answer choices

no relationship.

negative.

positive.

curvilinear. Flag question: Question 45 Question 451 pts A researcher observed that drinking coffee improved performance on complex math problems up to a point. The researcher also noted, however, that excessive coffee drinking actually interferes with problem solving. What type of relationship was observed? Group of answer choices

.no relationship.

positive linear

negative linear.

curvilinear. Flag question: Question 46 Question 461 pts The following are raw scores from data you collected:

58 70 68 59 62 47 90 57 45

68 93 83 45 48 55 32 58 36

63 71 60 41 65 84 42 40 87

75 81 80 61 72 76 73 52 80

If you had to group the above raw scores into a frequency distribution of approximately 10 intervals of equal width, answer the following Questions #46-48 using this information. (Note: you can answer the questions without rearranging the numbers into a frequency table. Reason it out.)

Question 46. The value of i (interval width) is:

Group of answer choices

5.5.

4.

6.

5. Flag question: Question 47 Question 471 pts From the information given in Question #46, to calculate central tendency for the above frequency distribution, one would probably use the: Group of answer choices

mode.

median.

mean.

range.

standard deviation. Flag question: Question 48 Question 481 pts From the information given in Question #46, if the lowest score in the above distribution is used as the lower limit for the lowest class interval, the lowest class interval range would be: Group of answer choices

30-35.

32-36.

32-37.

30-34. Flag question: Question 49 Question 491 pts For questions #49-52, use the following sample scores: 6, 1, 7, 4, 8, 1, 13.

The mode for this distribution is:

Group of answer choices

1

2

4

7

There is no mode. Flag question: Question 50 Question 501 pts For questions #49-52, use the following sample scores: 6, 1, 7, 4, 8, 1, 13.

The mean is: (show your work on another sheet of paper and enter your answer below. Note: you will upload all your calculation work at the end of the test.)

Group of answer choices

3.46

5.14

5.43

5.71

6.00 Flag question: Question 51 Question 511 pts For questions #49-52, use the following sample scores: 6, 1, 7, 4, 8, 1, 13.

The range is:

Group of answer choices

9.

10.

11.

12.

13. Flag question: Question 52 Question 522 pts For questions #49-52, use the following sample scores: 6, 1, 7, 4, 8, 1, 13.

The standard deviation is: (without using Excel or Chegg, show your work on another sheet of paper and enter your answer below. Note: you will upload all your calculation work at the end of the test.) (Worth 2 points)

Flag question: Question 53 Question 531 pts All of the following are properties of the mean except: Group of answer choices

The mean is sensitive to the exact values of all the scores.

The sum of the deviations about the mean equals zero.

The mean is not subject to sampling variation.

The mean is most affected by extreme scores. Flag question: Question 54 Question 541 pts All of the following are properties of the normal curve except: Group of answer choices

It is symmetrical.

It is negatively or positively skewed.

It approaches but never touches the x-axis.

It is bell-shaped. Flag question: Question 55 Question 551 pts In only looking at values above the mean in a normal distribution, what percentage of the area under the normal curve is contained within: (Hint: If you don't know the standard percentages, see the Midterm Exam formula sheet)

1 standard deviation? [ Select ]

2 standard deviations? [ Select ]

3 standard deviations? [ Select ]

Beyond 3 deviations? [ Select ]

Flag question: Question 56 Question 561 pts If the mean height of college males was 75" with a standard deviation of 4", approximately what percentage of college males would be between 5'11" and 6'7" (Note: 12 inches = 1 foot)? Group of answer choices

14%

48%

68%

2%.

No students in this range. Flag question: Question 57 Question 571 pts Using the data from question #56, determine the z score for a height of 5'8" (show your work on another sheet of paper and enter your answer below. Note: you will upload all your calculation work at the end of the test.). Group of answer choices

0

0.667

-2/3

-1.50

-1.75 Flag question: Question 58 Question 581 pts Correlation and regression differ in that: Group of answer choices

correlation is primarily concerned with the size and direction of relationships.

regression is primarily used for prediction.

the slopes of each are the same.

both a and b above.

all of the above. Flag question: Question 59 Question 591 pts In the equation of the regression line (y = bx + a): Group of answer choices

b is the x-intercept and a is the slope.

b is the y-intercept and a is the slope.

a is the x-intercept and b is the slope.

a is the y-intercept and b is the slope. Flag question: Question 60 Question 601 pts In a perfect relationship: Group of answer choices

all the points fall on the regression line.

none of the points fall on the regression line.

some of the points fall on the regression line.

the points form an ellipse around the regression line. Flag question: Question 61 Question 611 pts In an imperfect relationship: Group of answer choices

all of the points fall on the regression line.

a relationship exists, but all of the points do not fall on the regression line.

no relationship exists.

a relationship exists, but none of the points can fall on the regression line. Flag question: Question 62 Question 622 pts During the last five years there has been an inflationary trend in the average cost of a gallon of milk, as the following chart shows. Calculate the slope of the regression line. (show your work on another sheet of paper and enter your answer below. Note: you will upload all your calculation work at the end of the test.).

X (Years) 1 2 3 4 5 Y (Dollars) $1.75 $2.50 $3.25 $3.75 $3.75 The slope (b) of the regression line is:

Flag question: Question 63 Question 632 pts During the last five years there has been an inflationary trend in the average cost of a gallon of milk, as the following chart shows. Calculate the y-intercept of the regression line. (show your work on another sheet of paper and enter your answer below. Note: you will upload all your calculation work at the end of the test.).

X (Years) 1 2 3 4 5 Y (Dollars) $1.75 $2.50 $3.25 $3.75 $3.75 The y-intercept (a) of the regression line is:

Flag question: Question 64 Question 642 pts During the last five years there has been an inflationary trend in the average cost of a gallon of milk, as the following chart shows. Calculate the Pearson's correlation. (show your work on another sheet of paper and enter your answer below. Note: you will upload all your calculation work at the end of the test.).

X (Years) 1 2 3 4 5 Y (Dollars) $1.75 $2.50 $3.25 $3.75 $3.75 Using the above data, calculate Pearson's r correlation coefficient (show your work):

Flag question: Question 65 Question 651 pts The lowest degree (i.e. weakest) of Pearson's correlation shown below is:

Group of answer choices

-0.25

-0.33

0.22

0.33

There is no relationship. Flag question: Question 66 Question 661 pts The Pearson correlation coefficient between heights from the ground of two people on the opposite ends of a see-saw would be:

Playground See Saw

Group of answer choices

1.0

0.0

-1.0

0,5 Flag question: Question 67 Question 671 pts If the Pearson's correlation between X and Y is 0.73, which of the following might be true? Group of answer choices

X causes Y.

Y causes X.

Neither X or Y cause each other.

All the above.

There is no relationship. Flag question: Question 68 Question 682 pts Pearson's r assumes linear continuous interval/ratio variables. What would be the correlation coefficient utilized if your variables were discrete and ordinal? (Note: This is an extra credit question. We didn't study this and you didn't have to know it, however, if you reason it through based on what you have learned, you can get an extra point.) Group of answer choices

Eta.

Pearson's.

Spearman's.

Tengler's. Flag question: Question 69 Question 691 pts Which of the following is/are part of descriptive statistics? Group of answer choices

central tendency.

variability.

regression.

correlation.

all of the above. Flag question: Question 70 Question 705 pts MATCHING: Match the left side with the right side.

Ways of Knowing Information: (one answer per question)

Group of answer choices tradition

[ Choose ] logical reasoning

[ Choose ] scientific method

[ Choose ] authority

[ Choose ] intuition

[ Choose ] Flag question: Question 71 Question 711 pts For the following measurement scale, check all the boxes below that are characteristics of that measurement scale (i.e. match all that apply): (more than one answer possible per question).

nominal measurement scale

Group of answer choices

equal distance between whole numbers

quantity

magnitude

order Flag question: Question 72 Question 721 pts For the following measurement scale, check all the boxes below that are characteristics of that measurement scale (i.e. match all that apply): (more than one answer possible per question).

ordinal measurement scale

Group of answer choices

equal distance between whole numbers

quantity

magnitude

order Flag question: Question 73 Question 731 pts For the following measurement scale, check all the boxes below that are characteristics of that measurement scale (i.e. match all that apply): (more than one answer possible per question).

interval / ratio measurement scale

Group of answer choices

equal distance between whole numbers

quantity

magnitude

order Flag question: Question 74 Question 740 pts If you have testing time available, upload your scratch paper, containing your explanations for answers and your calculation work, here. (Note: you can only upload one file here, so you will need to combine the scans of your scratch paper into one Word or pdf document to upload through Question 74.) If the test closes before you have a chance to upload your scratch paper, then you can upload your scratch paper and verification statement within 1-2 hours after completing the exam.through the Midterm Exam Upload page (click on Assignments tab, look under Exams).