Question - 2: Determining Standard Time / Cycle Time Analysis of Manual Work: The normal time to perform the regular work cycle is 3.23 min. In addition, an irregular work element with a normal time = 1.25 min is performed every 5 cycles. The PFD allowance factor is 15%. (PFD: Personal needs, Fatigue and unavoidable Delays). Determine (a) the standard time and (b) the number of work units produced during an 8-hr shift if the worker's pace is consistent with standard performance.