QUESTION $48$

their investments entirely in bonds. Are such investments irrational?

No$,$ stocks are riskier. Some investors are highly risk averse and the extra possible return doesn't attract them relative to the extra risk

No$,$ bonds are riskier. Bonds are constantly subject to interest rate risk which can negatively impact their valuation.

No$.$ Some investors enjoy bonds tax inefficiency in taxable accounts.

QUESTION $49$

Unlike gambling, the stock market is a positive sum game; everybody can win. Also, speculators provide liquidity to markets and thus help to promote efficiency.

Unlike gambling, the stock market is a positive sum game; everybody can win. Also speculators provide illiquidity to markets and thus help to promote inefficiency.

value investors.

QUESTION $50$

adjusted for taxes. What would happen to the returns if we accounted for taxes? What would happen to volatility?

premiums, and volatility would all be lower than we estimated because after$-$tax returns are smaller than pretax returns.

premiums, and volatility would all be higher than we estimated because after$-$tax returns are smaller than pretax returns.

premiums, and volatility would all be higher than we estimated because after$-$tax returns are smaller than pretax returns.