Question 4) This last question is also about Islamic law. [25 marks]

1. What are the hudud as a category on Islamic law? What falls within the Hudud? Where does this category come from? (7)
2. What is the history of the implementation of the Hudud in Muslim societies? (2)
3. By reference to five concrete principles or concepts or examples, explain the Islamic jurist's understanding of the hudud and its application (10)
4. Were the hudud sufficient to address crime in Islamic societies? If so, how? If not, what alternative mechanisms existed to conceptualize and address crime and social conflict in premodern Muslim societies. (6)