Question content area top

Part $1$

In early $2018,$ Ford Motor$($F$)$ had a book value of equity of $$$$35\mathrm{.}1$billion$,$$$3\mathrm{.}9$ billion shares$$ outstanding, and a market price of $$$$12\mathrm{.}63$ per share. Ford also had cash of $$$$39\mathrm{.}3$billion$,$ and total debt of $$$$154\mathrm{.}6$ billion. Four years$$ later, in early $2022,$ Ford had a book value of equity of $$$$48\mathrm{.}5$billion$,$$$4\mathrm{.}9$ billion shares outstanding with a market price of $$$$20\mathrm{.}72$ per$$ share, cash of $$$$49\mathrm{.}3$billion$,$ and total debt of $$$$138\mathrm{.}3$ billion. Over this$$ period, what was the change in$$ Ford's

a$.$ book$$ debt$-$equity ratio?

b$.$ market$$ debt$-$equity ratio?