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Example 1: Association or Causation? For each of the following statements, indicate whether the statement implies causation or just indicates association without causation. a]. lfyou study more, your grade will improve in this course. b}. Want to lose weight? Drink tea! c]. Aging of the brain tends to be delayed in people with a college education. Example 2: Television sets and LE2 expectancy 111ere is a very strong positive association between television sets per person in a country and the life expectancy of the people in that country, which means people in countries with lots of TVs tend to live longer. a]. Does this mean we can improve the life expectancy of people in developing countries by sending them lots of television sets? b}. Describe a possible confounding variable in this association. Example 3: Does Kindergarten Lead to Crime? A state legislator in New Hampshire claimed in July 2012 that kindergarten programs lead to more crime. He noted as evidence that the largat of all the communities in his county was the only community with a kindergarten program and also had the most crime. a]. What common mistake is the legislator making? b}. Describe a possible confounding variable in this association