QUESTION ONE: Case Study: Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) Profile Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) is a utility company, fully owned by the State. The company is responsible for portable water supply to all urban communities in Ghana. GWCL currently operates eight-eight (88) urban water supply systems throughout the country. Average production is about eight hundred and seventy-one thousand, four hundred and ninety-six cubic meters (871,496m3) per day (192 million gallons per day). Present portable water demand is estimated at one million, one hundred and thirty-two thousand, eight hundred and eighteen point eighteen cubic meters (1,132,818.18m3) per day (249 million per day) Urban water supply coverage is therefore about seventy-seven percent (77%), with a staff strength of three thousand, four hundred and seventy-six (3.476). GWCL serves Seven Hundred and Forty-Eight Thousand, Five Hundred and Seventy (748,570) customers, eighty-six percent (86%) of which are metered and fourteen percent (14%) unmetered. Non-revenue Water Reduction The global volume of non-revenue water is staggering, especially in developing countries. Some estimates put global NRW at 126 billion m3/year, costing some $39 billion per year (Liemberger and Wyatt, 2018), and average global NRW above 30 percent. In addition, close to 30 million cubic meters of water is also delivered every day to customers but not paid for, because of metering inaccuracies, theft, and corrupt practices. In Africa, NRW figures range from five percent (Saldanta Bay, South Africa) to seventy percent (LWSC, Liberia) have been reported (WSP, 2009; cited GWCL, 2019). According to GWCL thirty percent (30%) or nearly a third of its customers are billed on estimated consumption rather than actual meter readings with current non-revenue water figure of forty percent (40%) from fifty-three percent (53%) in 2018. GWCL has fourteen (14) operational regions and seventy-seven (77) operational districts. In 2016, GWCL formally established Non-revenue Water (NRW) sections at the Head Office, regional and district levels. However, an estimated eighty percent (80%) of NRW occurs in the Accra-Tema Metropolitan Area and Ashanti region. The responsibilities of the Section include: Coordinating all NRW reduction activities in GWCL Systematically develop NRW reduction strategies and Performance Improvement Plans for the various regions and districts. Undertake active leakage control Implement pressure management Implement the creation and operation of District Metered Areas (DMAS) The three Accra-Tema Metropolitan Area (ATMA) regions and the two Ashanti regions contribute eighty percent (80%) of the reported water loss of the company. Table I shows the service delivery and efficiency targets for the period 2018 to 2023. Table 1: Service Delivery and Efficiency Targets Performance Indicator 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023