2.1 Leadership may be defined as “the process by which an individual exerts influence over other people and inspires, motivates, and directs their activities to help achieve group or organisational goals” (Jones, et al, 1998: 403). In light of the definition above, provide a critical discussion on the distinguishing factors of leaders and managers. 

2.2 Explain how performance appraisals can be used as a positive tool for employee motivation and control in an organisation.