QuestionBased on the reading and video for this week, what are some of the main drivers of urbanization? What is the connection between the economy (how people make a living) and the tendency of the global population to increasingly live in cities?

References(Course text)

nrnent \\ l} Unit Note \\ F'araphra \\ I . '. i: Hon'iewo \\ / Q ThreeWt= coursesyorkvilleuca G The earliest precursors to urban settlements can traced back to the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture-based mini-systems around 10,000 BCE. The rst welldeveloped cities can be traced to the agricultural revolution from approximately 3500 BCE in the fertile crescent of Mesopotamia, and in Egypt around 3100 BCE, although as Robinson et al. (2016) note. much earlier evidence of city-like settlements can be found in many different places, including Turkey, Japan, West Africa, and South America. Geographers often cite the need for an agricultural surplus as a prerequisite for permanent settlements, such as villages and towns. Prior to this, social groupings took on a variety of forms, including stone-age hunting and gathering societies, which tended to be small and quite mobile. Many important early towns and cities were strongly fortied city-states with welldeveloped systems of political, economic, and religious structures. For example, Jericho, in the Jordan valley. is a city that dates from perhaps 10,000 years ago, and was likely built and rebuilt a number of times on the same site (Kenyon. 1954). Recalling last week's subject, some of these early cities developed in conjunction with the growth of world empires, the best known of which are Egypt, Greece, China, Rome, and Byzantium (the Eastern Roman Empire centred on the 'second Rome', Constantinople, now Istanbul). Some scholars (e.g., Weber, 1921) have analyzed the politico administrative functions of early cities, arguing that urbanization @M an elite group able to control labour power and impose taxation through military or religious coercion, and to nance the large monuments, palaces, and other status symbols that became the core of ancient cities. So to sum up so far, the development of towns and cities were revolutionary in that they were permanent settlements of relatively large numbers of people. They were enabled by revolutions in agricultural technology and practices that produced a food surplus. They also seemed to require a strong ruling group to govern people and resources and to nance city building. Cities associated with world empires spread throughout Europe and Asia by 1000 CE, although the decline of these empires was paralleled by declines of many cities and towns. Medieval Europe became feudal and local, and feudal kingdoms were centred on rural estates and castles ratherthan cities or towns, although small towns remained important as religious, education, military, transportation, and administrative centres. With the development of mercantflism from the 1 5th to 18th centuries, towns again emerged as important trading and shipping centres. Mercantilism (or merchant capitalism) further revolutionized the global economy and global urbanization, especially through colonialism and the establishment of colonial port towns in India, Mexico, Brazil, Canada, and many other places, and networks of other cities specializing in transport and trade. As merchant capitalism shifted to indusralcap/'talfsm in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, patterns of urbanization changed once again, with cities and towns, such as Manchester, England, becoming important industrial centres of manufacturing, and a whole network of other towns and cities, such as Chicago, became important centres of commerce and trade. As we discussed in Unit Six, technological innovations in manufacturing and the labour process, coupled with a national-scale social welfare system of governing based on monetarism produced a particular urban form in North America, at least in industrial cities. As we will further learn next week, this Theory and Design 11/11 (22WC- ON_SC_Z) 9.? GEOGZ] a (22w-o-c) - Human Geography 9." HIST300 (22WO-A) -The History of Sport 9:! Math Workshop Q Assignments gig External tools E Forums Q Quizzes E Resources 9 Turnitin Assignments zoom MiCrosoft Teams Learn more about Zoom and MS Teams nrnent \\ l} Unit Note \\ F'araphra \\ I . '. i: Hon'iewo \\ / Q ThreeWt= coursesyorkvilleuca G The earliest precursors to urban settlements can traced back to the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture-based mini-systems around 10,000 BCE. The rst welldeveloped cities can be traced to the agricultural revolution from approximately 3500 BCE in the fertile crescent of Mesopotamia, and in Egypt around 3100 BCE, although as Robinson et al. (2016) note. much earlier evidence of city-like settlements can be found in many different places, including Turkey, Japan, West Africa, and South America. Geographers often cite the need for an agricultural surplus as a prerequisite for permanent settlements, such as villages and towns. Prior to this, social groupings took on a variety of forms, including stone-age hunting and gathering societies, which tended to be small and quite mobile. Many important early towns and cities were strongly fortied city-states with welldeveloped systems of political, economic, and religious structures. For example, Jericho, in the Jordan valley. is a city that dates from perhaps 10,000 years ago, and was likely built and rebuilt a number of times on the same site (Kenyon. 1954). Recalling last week's subject, some of these early cities developed in conjunction with the growth of world empires, the best known of which are Egypt, Greece, China, Rome, and Byzantium (the Eastern Roman Empire centred on the 'second Rome', Constantinople, now Istanbul). Some scholars (e.g., Weber, 1921) have analyzed the politico administrative functions of early cities, arguing that urbanization @M an elite group able to control labour power and impose taxation through military or religious coercion, and to nance the large monuments, palaces, and other status symbols that became the core of ancient cities. So to sum up so far, the development of towns and cities were revolutionary in that they were permanent settlements of relatively large numbers of people. They were enabled by revolutions in agricultural technology and practices that produced a food surplus. They also seemed to require a strong ruling group to govern people and resources and to nance city building. Cities associated with world empires spread throughout Europe and Asia by 1000 CE, although the decline of these empires was paralleled by declines of many cities and towns. Medieval Europe became feudal and local, and feudal kingdoms were centred on rural estates and castles ratherthan cities or towns, although small towns remained important as religious, education, military, transportation, and administrative centres. With the development of mercantflism from the 1 5th to 18th centuries, towns again emerged as important trading and shipping centres. Mercantilism (or merchant capitalism) further revolutionized the global economy and global urbanization, especially through colonialism and the establishment of colonial port towns in India, Mexico, Brazil, Canada, and many other places, and networks of other cities specializing in transport and trade. As merchant capitalism shifted to indusralcap/'talfsm in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, patterns of urbanization changed once again, with cities and towns, such as Manchester, England, becoming important industrial centres of manufacturing, and a whole network of other towns and cities, such as Chicago, became important centres of commerce and trade. As we discussed in Unit Six, technological innovations in manufacturing and the labour process, coupled with a national-scale social welfare system of governing based on monetarism produced a particular urban form in North America, at least in industrial cities. As we will further learn next week, this Theory and Design 11/11 (22WC- ON_SC_Z) 9.? GEOGZ] a (22w-o-c) - Human Geography 9." HIST300 (22WO-A) -The History of Sport 9:! Math Workshop Q Assignments gig External tools E Forums Q Quizzes E Resources 9 Turnitin Assignments zoom MiCrosoft Teams Learn more about Zoom and MS Teams Discussion : X Assignment X Unit Notes: X P Paraphrasing X GEOG210 2 X *Homework X 18 (18) Whats/ X Three Ways X + X