QUESTIONS 1-8 refer to the following abstract: Adapted from: World War II-related post-traumatic stress disorder and breast cancer risk among Israeli women. Vin-Raviv N., Dekel R., Barchana M., Linn S., Keinan-Boker L. Int Psychogeriatr 2014 Mar; 26(3):499-508. Background: Several studies have suggested that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is related to adverse health outcomes. There are limited data on PTSD and cancer, which has a long latency period. We investigated the association between World War II (WWII)-related PTSD and subsequent breast cancer (BC) risk among Jewish WWII survivors and examined whether this association was modified by exposure to hunger during WWII. Methods: We compared 65 BC patients diagnosed in 2005 through 2010 to 200 population- based controls who were members of various organizations for Jewish WWII survivors in Israel. All participants were born in Europe, lived at least six months under Nazi rule during WWII, and immigrated to Israel after the war. We estimated PTSD using the PTSD Inventory and applied logistic regression models to estimate the association between WWII-related PTSD and BC, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: We observed an association between WWII-related PTSD and BC risk (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.1-7.3). This association remained significant following adjustment for potential confounders, including obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, age during WWII, hunger exposure during WWII, and total number of traumatic life events. However, the level of hunger exposure during WWII modified this effect significantly: among women who experienced no hunger or mild hunger the BC risk was lower (OR = 0.9, 95%CI = 0.1-9.3) than among women who experienced severe hunger (OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 1.5-22.9). Conclusions: These findings suggest an independent association between WWII-related PTSD and subsequent BC risk in Jewish WWII survivors that is modified by hunger, a novel finding. Future research is needed to further explore these findings.D Question 3 1 pts A critic of this study believes that women who are diagnosed with breast cancer might be more likely to report having experienced PTSD symptoms in the past, regardless of their actual experience of PTSD. If this criticism were true, in which direction would the ndings be biased? ' Biased away from the null Biased towards the null " Switchover bias D Question 4 4 pts Interpret the odds ratio of 2.9 in one sentence. Is this result statistically signicant? Why or why not? Edit View Insert Format Tools Table