Raj owned the fee simple in a piece of land known as Blackacre, which contained a small shopping mall that

was included in the title of the property. Although he had no children of his own, he was especially fond of his

nephew, Ludwig, and his niece, Elise. Raj wanted to ensure that they enjoyed the benefits of Blackacre,

especially after he died. He therefore created the following arrangement: Beginning immediately, and for the

rest of Raj's life, Ludwig was entitled to enjoy a life estate in Blackacre. Upon Raj's death, Elise (who is 25 years

younger than Ludwig) would become entitled to enjoy a life estate in the property. Although all the parties

were initially happy with that arrangement, difficulties arose after the economy went into a recession and the

shops that had been operating in the shopping mall on Blackacre began leaving the premises. Within six

months, the entire mall was empty. Despite protests from Elise, Ludwig did nothing to protect the value of the

property, even though vandals were smashing windows and trespassers had begun to use the parking lot as a

garbage dump. What claims if any would Elise have against Ludwig? Would she be successful?