Ralph and Alice have decided to incorporate their sewer cleaning business under the name R & A, Inc.

Their plans call for the authorization and issuance of 5,000 shares of par value stock. Ralph argues that

par value must be set at the estimated market value of the stock, while Alice feels that par value is the

equivalent of book valuethat is, assets divided by the number of shares. Who is correct? Why?

2. In Exercise 1, Ralph feels that R & A should have an IPO of 1 million shares of common stock, to be

sold on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). What are the pros and cons of conducting an IPO?

3. Assume that Ralph and Alice decide to issue preferred stock. What does this entail from R & A's

standpoint? From the standpoint of a preferred stock purchaser?

4. Alice changes her mind and wants to sell bonds in R & A. What are the pros and cons of selling bonds?

5. Assume that Ralph and Alice go on to consider options other than financing through an IPO or

through the sale of bonds. They want to raise $5 million to get their business up and running, to

purchase a building, and to acquire machines to clean sewers. What are some other options Ralph and

Alice should consider? What would you suggest they do? Would your suggestion be different if Ralph

and Alice wanted to raise $500 million? $50,000?