Read the attached article from Wall Street Journal about several companies' responses to racial and social justice issues, and then address the following questions:

• Is this an instance of "too little, too late" for most companies? For instance, racial and social injustice is nothing new in the US and around the world. Why have firms chosen to respond in this moment? Do you think the changes will be long-lasting and substantial?
• What are the risks companies face when seeking to implement racial and social justice initiatives? What are the potential impacts of racial and social justice initiatives going poorly?
• How would you best determine the effectiveness of racial and social justice policies that companies put in place?

\fRELATED subsidiary behind the game also pledged to review all cards for material deemed inappropriate. agile YmTuhe EachPlanlDDMillim InitiativesmTarget Racism The moves are the latest public actions by businesses lining up to show their commitment to racial equality. The product decisions and nancial pledgestotaling hundreds of millions of dollars in commitments so farshow how companies are responding to the second massive reordering of their world in 2020 and jumping into a national conversation about race. Spurred to action by the response to Mr. Floyd's killing May 2.5 while in police custody, executives and employees say that they are being called to show customers they are taking action to address racism. It isn't yet clearwhether any of the decisions will lead to lasting change in corporate operations nor, in many cases, what specic steps businesses plan to take. Some executives have achtowledged that their companies can do better onhirirlg and promoting black employees, and on fostering a workplace culture where all employees feel welcome. Yet retaining and advancing black talent remains a persistent issue in big business. Companies in the tech indusz and elsewhere have for years pledged to do more for employees of color and made limited headway. 0f Apple's top 12. executives listed on its website, 10 are white. "Things must change and Apple is committed to being a force for that change," Chief Executive Tim Cook said in a video posted Thursday on Twitter. Apple's new racial justice initiative will be led byLisa Jackson, head of environment, policy and social initiatives. Ms. Jackson, who ran the U. 5. Environmental Protection Agencyduring the Dbama administration and joined Apple in 2013, is the sole black member of the company's broader senior leadership. Last week, Walmart Inc. CEO Doug McMillan, said the Business Roundtable, an industry group he leads, would establish a special committee to advance racial equity andjustice solutions. A spokeswoman for the Business Roundtable said its CEO members, who lead many of America's biggest companies, are committed to taking thoughtful action on issues of racial injustice. Last year, the group changed its statement ofthe purpose ofa corporation to move beyond enhancing shareholder value. The weeks since Mr. Floyd's killing have spurred corporate leaders to host listening sessions with employees and identify ways to change their practices to promote inclusion. The moves echo those taken in the fall of 2013 when the #MeToo movement exploded into the national conversation. Then, women and allies broke yearslong silences to share their experiences of sexual harassment in the workplace and called upon companies to rethink representation in corporate leadership. Brian Roberts, CEO of cable and internet giant and N BCLTniversal owner Comcast Corp., said this week the company would spend $100 n1i]]ion over several years to "ght injustice and inequality against any race, ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation or ability.\" Corncast's initiative will include accelerating corporate diversity and inclusion efforts. While comparlies have pledged millions to groups including the NAACP and Equal Justice Initiative, the amounts are only a fraction of the companies' wealth and don't do enough to address the systemic issues within those businesses, said Kemi Role, director of work equity at the National Employment Law Project, a New York-based worker advocacy and research group. The organization said it is not among those receiving pledges from Apple, Adidas AG or Microsoft. Apple became the rst US. company this week to cross the $1.5 trillion stock-market capitalization threshold and within the last fewyears the company has committed $300 million to create a clean-energy fund in China, $1 billion for an advanced manufacturing fund and a $2.5 billion to improve housing availability and affordabilityin California. "it" iese big corporations are really serious about addressing racial injustice, it requires lem asking the questions lat black and minority-led organizations have been asking foryears," Ms. Role said. I'How are their cafeteria workers being treated? How are their people in factories being treated?\" She also said companies need to study ieir supply chains and how health and safetyare being prioritized for black people. Apple didn't inunediatelyprovide comment on Ms. Role's statements.