Read the attached case study. Discuss the presenting case, hypothesize about the diagnosis and explain the most appropriate type of treatment. Explain your answer.

AnAfrican American man who appeared to be in his 30s was brought to an urban emergency room (ER) by police. The referral form indicated that he was schizophrenic and an "emotionally dis turbed person." One of the police offi cers said that the man offered to pay them for sex while in the back seat of their patrol car. He referred to himself as the "New Jesus" and declined to offer another name. He refused to sit and in stead ran through the ER. He was put into restraints and received intramuscu larly administered lorazepam 2 mg and haloperidol 5 mg. Intravenous diphen hydramine (Benadryl) 50 mg was read ied in case of extrapyramidal side ef fects. The admitting team wrote that he had "unspecified schizophrenia spec trum and other psychotic disorder" and transferred him to the psychiatry team that worked in the ER.

Despite being restrained, he re mained giddily agitated, talking about receiving messages from God. When asked when he last slept, he said he no longer needed sleep, indicating that he had "been touched by Heaven." His speech was rapid, disorganized, and dif ficult to understand. A complete blood count, blood chemistries, and a toxicol ogy screen were drawn. After an addi tional 45 minutes of agitation, he received another dose of lorazepam. This calmed him, but he still did not sleep. His restraints were removed.

A review of his electronic medical record indicated that he had experienced a similar episode 2 years earlier. At that time, a toxicology screen had been neg ative. He had been hospitalized for 2 weeks on the inpatient psychiatric ser vice and given a discharge diagnosis of "schizoaffective disorder." At that time, he was prescribed olanzapine and re ferred to an outpatient clinic for follow up. That chart had referred to two previous admissions to the county inpatient hospital, but records were not available after hours.

An hour after receiving the initial haloperidol and lorazepam, the patient was interviewed while he sat in a chair in the ER. He was an overweight African American man who was disheveled and malodorous, though he did not smell of alcohol. He made poor eye contact, in stead looking at nearby people, a ticking clock, the examiner, a nearby nurse-at anything or anyone that moved. His speech was disorganized, rapid, and hard to follow. His leg bounced rapidly up and down, but he did not get out of his chair or threaten the interviewer. He described his mood as "not bad." His af fect was labile. He often laughed for no particular reason but would get angrily frustrated when he felt misunderstood. His thought process was disorganized. He had grandiose delusions, and his perceptions were significant for "God talking to me." He denied other hallucinations as well as suicidality and homi cidality. When asked the date, he re sponded with an extended discussion about the underlying meaning of the day's date, which he missed by a single day. He remembered the names of the two police officers who had brought him to the hospital. He refused more cogni tive testing. His insight and judgment appeared poor.

The patient's sister arrived an hour later, after having been called by a neighbor who had seen her brother, Mark Hill, taken away in a police car. The sister said her brother had seemed strange a week earlier, uncharacteristi cally arguing with relatives at a holiday gathering. She said he had claimed not to need sleep at that time and had been talking about his "gifts." She had tried to contact Mr. Hill since then, but he had not responded to phone, e-mail, or text messages. She said he did not like to talk about his issues, but she had twice seen a bottle of olanzapine in his house. She knew their father had been called schizophrenic and bipolar, but she had not seen the father since she was a child. She said that Mr. Hill did not typically use drugs. She also said he was 34 years

old and a middle school math teacher who had just finished a semester of teaching.

Over the next 24 hours, Mr. Hill calmed significantly. He continued to be lieve that he was being misunderstood and that he did not need to be hospital ized. He spoke rapidly and loudly. His thoughts jumped from idea to idea. He spoke of having a direct connection to God and having "an important role on Earth," but he denied having a connec tiontoanyonecalledthe"NewJesus."He remained tense and jumpy but denied paranoia or fear.

Serial physical examinations revealed no abnormalities aside from blisters on his feet. The patient was not tremulous, and his deep tendon reflexes were sym metrical and graded 2 of 4. He showed no neurological asymmetry. His toxicol ogy screen was negative and his blood alcohol level was zero. His initial lab re sults were pertinent for elevated blood urea nitrogen and a blood sugar level of 210 mg/dL. His mean corpuscular vol ume, aspartate aminotransferase/ ala nine aminotransferase ratio, and magne sium level were normal.